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bio1&2 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal system

A

Uses chemical messengers which are carried by the blood so take time to get around the body

Different hormones are released by a range of endocrine glands

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2
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Releases ACTH, FSH, LH, and growth hormone

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3
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Produces several hormones, including thyroxine.

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4
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Releases several hormones including adrenalin

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

Contains some cells that produce insulin and others that produce glucagon

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce sex hormones estrogen and progesterone

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7
Q

Testes

A

Release the sex hormone testosterone

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8
Q

Target organ

A

An organ that is affected by a specific hormone is called its target organ

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9
Q

Sex hormones stimulate….

A

The release of growth hormone. The release of sex hormones increases during puberty which explains the increase in growth rate

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10
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The rate at which energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.

Resting metabolic rate is measured with the body at rest in a warm room, long after the person has had a meal

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11
Q

Thyroxine affect on metabolic rate

A

It causes heart cells to contract more rapidly and strongly and it increases the rate at which proteins and carbs are broken down.

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12
Q

Stimulates

A

Makes more active

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13
Q

Inhibits

A

Makes less active

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14
Q

The amount of thyroxine produced is controlled by

A

The hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary gland which stimulates the thyroid gland

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15
Q

Adrenaline

A

In exciting situations it is released in large amounts into the blood (increase in impulses from neurons reaching the adrenal glands)

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

When it is broken down, the glucose is released into the blood, producing additional glucose for respiration (glycogen is broken down when adrenaline targets the liver)

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17
Q

Effects of adrenaline

A

Causes heart muscle cells to contract more rapidly and more strongly

Diameter of blood vessels leading to muscles widens which increases blood flow to muscles

Liver cells change glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood which increases blood sugar

Diameter of blood vessels leading to other organs narrows which reduces blood flow to organs and increases blood pressure

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18
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

A cycle of changes in a woman’s reproductive system that takes about 28 days

Starts at puberty (around 12)
To menopause (early 50s)
- Prepares the woman body for the fertilization of an egg cell

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19
Q

Day 1

A

The start of menstruation, when the uterus lining breaks down and is lost with the unfertalised egg cells

20
Q

Day 11

A

Menstruation ends, the uterus lining starts to thicken again

21
Q

Ovulation

A

When the ovary releases an egg *happens days 11-13

22
Q

18-21 days

A

Fertilization leading to pregnancy is most likely

  • Day 21, the uterus lining continues to thicken
23
Q

Day 23

A

The egg cell travels along the oviduct to the uterus

24
Q

The menstrual cycle is controlled by

A

estrogen and progesterone which are released by the ovaries into the blood

25
Q

During sexual inter course

A

Sperm cells are deposited into the vagina.
They pass through the derive to the uterus and into the oviducts
When the cell meets the egg, retaliation can occur

26
Q

Contraception

A

The prevention of fertilization.

27
Q

Male condom

A

98% success rate

placed over erect penis. prevents sperm entering the vagina.

28
Q

diaphragm or cap

A

92-96% effective

placed over crevix (prevents sperm in the vagina entering the uterus

29
Q

Hormone pill or implant

A

99+% rate

Release hormones to prevent ovulation. and thickens mucus at the cervix making it more difficult for sperm cells to pass through

30
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone - released by the pituitary gland

31
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone - released by the pituitary gland

32
Q

FSH and LH are controlled by

A

The concentration of oestrogen (which increases as the egg matures) and progesterone (released after ovulation when the follicle becomes the corpus lutes)

33
Q

Low levels of progesterone

A

Allow FSH to be released

34
Q

High levels of estrogen

A

Stimulates release of more LH

35
Q

Increasing progesterone

A

Inhibits FSH and LH

36
Q

High levels of FSH

A

Stimulates growth and maturation of egg follicle

37
Q

LH surge

A

Triggers ovulation

38
Q

Maturing follicles stimulates

A

Oestrogen production

39
Q

Oestrogen production causes

A

Thickening of cell wall

40
Q

Falling estrogen and progesterone trigger

A

Menstruation

41
Q

IVF

A
  • Egg follicle maturation stimulated by hormones
  • Egg cells released by many follicles and taken from ovary
  • sperm cells taken from man
  • Eggs and sperm combined to allow fertilization
  • One or two healthy embryos placed in uterus
42
Q

As blood glucose concentration rises

A

it stimulates certain cells in the pancreas to release insulin, which causes cells in the liver and other organs to take in glucose, leading to a fall in blood glucose levels

43
Q

Control of blood glucose in digestion

A
  • Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine after digestion of food.
  • Blood glucose concentration rises
  • Pancreas responds to high blood glucose levels by releasing insulin
  • Insulin causes liver, muscle and other cells to take up glucose and change it to glycogen for storage
  • Blood glucose concentration falls to normal levels
44
Q

Glucose —> glycogen

A

When glucose is absorbed by the liver it is converted into glycogen which is stored in the liver

45
Q

If blood concentration falls too low,

A

another hormone is released from other pancreatic cells
called glucagon.
It causes liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose, which is released into the blood.

46
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining constant conditions inside the body (e.g temperature control, control of water content)

47
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

The pancreatic cells that should produce insulin do not.

This is because the cells have been destroyed by the body’s immune system

They cannot control rising blood glucose concentration

Glucose in urine is first test

People with type 1 have to inject insulin into the fat layer below the skin where it can enter the blood, causing blood glucose concentration to fall.

bio1&2 (9 decks)

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