Homeostasis

Question 1

Set points

Answer 1

Ideal levels the body tries to keep

Question 2

Positive/negative feedback loops

Answer 2

Mechanisms to adjust the body’s internal state to get it close to its set points

Question 3

Allostasis

Answer 3

Behavioral and physiological al changes to maintain homeostasis

Question 4

Glucose

Answer 4

Carb needed to create ATP

Question 5

Glucoprivation

Answer 5

When glucose in the blood gets very low

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

Chains of glucose

Question 7

Insulin

Answer 7

Pancreatic hormone. Transports glucose into cells to be broken down in cellular respiration to create ATP

Question 8

Glucagon

Answer 8

Hormone secreted by the pancreas that releases individual glucose molecules from glycogen

Question 9

Cholecystokinin (cck)

Answer 9

A hormone produced by the duodenum that initiates fat digestions by causing the release of bile enzymes from the gallbladder

Question 10

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 10

Area of the hypothalamus with glucose sensing neurons. Function in appetite satiation

Question 11

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 11

Glucose sensing neurons that may function in increasing appetite

Question 12

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 12

Area of the hypothalamus important in feeding. Detects digestive hormones such as leptin. Lesions in this area cause uncontrollable feeding

Question 13

Median eminences

Answer 13

Between hypo and pituitary. detects large molecules in the blood normally blocked by blood brain barrier.

Question 14

Neuropeptide

Answer 14

Neurotransmitter for cells in the arcuate nucleus which is important in chemical detection in the blood and signaling other areas concerning appetite

Question 15

Glucose sensing neurons

Answer 15

Neurons that change their firing rate depending on glucose levels in the blood

Question 16

Lipostatic theory

Answer 16

We have a set point of fat and ways of detecting fat levels and behavioral and physiological mechanisms to keep this set point.

Question 17

Weight set point theory

Answer 17

We have a way to monitor our weight to keep it at a set point.

Question 18

Leptin

Answer 18

Hormone released from fat cells that act as an appetite suppressant by affecting NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus

Question 19

Ob/ob mouse

Answer 19

Strain of mouse with abnormal leptin. Mouse remains hungry

Question 20

Db/db mouse

Answer 20

Mouse with no functioning leptin receptors. Often used as a model for diabetes

Question 21

Peptide YY

Answer 21

Chemical released from small intestine and colon in response to meals. Slows movement of food from the stomach

Question 22

Ghrelin

Answer 22

A hormone secreted from the small intestine that promotes hunger

Question 23

Iron

Answer 23

Necessary to metabolize glucose because it transports oxygen in the hemoglobin of your blood

Question 24

Proteins

Answer 24

Needed for enzymes, building bones and muscle and creating neurotransmitters. Also important in cognition

Question 25

Omega 3 fatty acids

Answer 25

Made from fish oil that may reduce symptoms of depression and help with neurogenesis

Question 26

Body mass index

Answer 26

The value that relates height to weight. Above 30 is considered obese

Question 27

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

Disorder often caused by obesity in which the body doesn’t produce enough insulin.

Question 28

Osmoregation

Answer 28

The body’s attempt to monitor and maintain homeostatic water levels

Question 29

Osmosis

Answer 29

Movement of water through a membrane from high to low

Question 30

Hypotonic

Answer 30

An extra cellular environment that has a high water concentration than the cell. Water flows into the cell and it swells

Question 31

Hypertonic

Answer 31

Extra cellular environment that has a lower water concentration than the cell. Water flows out of the cell so it shrinks

Question 32

Isotonic

Answer 32

Cell and environment have the same concentration of water so there is no flow of water

Question 33

Osmotic thirst

Answer 33

Thirst brought on by a hypertonic extracellular environment possibly caused by extra salt in the blood

Question 34

Hypovolemic thirst

Answer 34

Thirst caused by low blood volume brought on by blood loss, vomiting, or diarrhea

Question 35

Osmoreceptors

Answer 35

Neurons in the hypothalamus That change their firing rate depending on water concentration

Question 36

Organ vaculosum of the laminate terminalis (OVLT)

Answer 36

An area with neurons that have osmoreceptors so they can detect levels of water and salt. They send signals to the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 37

Supraoptic nucleus

Answer 37

An area of the hypothalamus that releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland

Question 38

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 38

Also known as vasopressin, hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that signals the kidney to release less water in the urine

Question 39

Renin

Answer 39

Enzyme released from juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney in response to low water concentration or high salt in the blood. Causes the production of angiotensin II

Question 40

Hyponatremia

Answer 40

A condition where there is too much water in the blood and not enough salt, causing cells to swell and possibly die

Question 41

Endotherms

Answer 41

Animals that maintain their body temp by generating heat

Question 42

Ectotherms

Answer 42

Animals that use external sources of heat to maintain body temp

Question 43

Preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Answer 43

An area that has thermosensing neurons and regulates body temperature

Question 44

Preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Answer 44

An area that has thermosensing neurons and regulates body temperature

Question 45

Brown fat cells

Answer 45

Adipose tissue that generates heat when energy is burned from these cells. They’re important in thermoregulation

Question 46

Interleukin-1

Answer 46

Chemical messengers from white blood cells. Signal the hypothalamus to raise body temp causing fever

Question 47

Mia mice

Answer 47

Created by giving the mother a fever during pregnancy. Show autism symptoms and have problems with digestion and microbiome

Question 48

Alpha-synuclein

Answer 48

Proteins found in high levels in people with Parkinson’s. Develops in the gut first