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Human physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What allows for the distinction of the internal and external of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the body?

A

The cell

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3
Q

What is a common feature between all cells?

A

Need fuel (ATP)

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4
Q

What do all cells differentiate from?

A

Stem cells

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5
Q

Which cells have the capability to reproduce?

A

Almost all

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6
Q

What do cells make up?

A

Tissue

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7
Q

Can the same protein cause different function depending on the cell?

A

Yes

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8
Q

How much of the body is made up of fluids?

A

60%

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9
Q

2 compartments of fluids

A

Extracellular fluids
Intracellular fluids

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10
Q

How many percent of the total fluid amount in body is made up of the intracellular fluids?

A

40%

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11
Q

How many percent of the total fluid amount in body is made up of the extracellular fluids?

A

20%

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12
Q

2 compartments of extracellular fluids

A

Interstitial fluids
Intravascular fluids

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13
Q

Which compartment of extracellular fluids is larger (3/4)?

A

Interstitial fluid

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14
Q

Which compartment of extracellular fluids make up 1/4th?

A

Intravascular fluids m

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15
Q

Why is the distinction of intracellular and extracellular important?

A

Because they have different compositions and thus different function

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16
Q

What is equilibrium of fluid?

A

equal amount of substance (intravascular-interstitial)
NO transfer of substance or energy
NO barrier to movement
No energy expenditure

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17
Q

What is the steady state of fluid?

A

Constant amount of substances in compartment (ECF-ICF)
Input=output

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18
Q

Does the steady state require energy?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Does equilibrium require energy?

A

No

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20
Q

Different name for Intravascular fluid

A

Plasma fluid

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21
Q

What kind of fluid is equilibrium relevant for?

A

Intravascular and interstitial

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22
Q

What kind of fluid is steady state relevant for?

A

extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

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23
Q

What would happen if the steady state was replaced by equilibrium for extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

A

Difference in levels of for example potassium from the inside and the outside of the cell would disappear which would cause problems

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24
Q

Why does the steady state require energy?

A

Because it is moving ions/molecule against the concentration gradient

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25
Q

What is the driving force of water movement between the ICF and ECF?

A

Osmotic pressure differences

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26
Q

What determines the osmotic pressure difference?

A

Molecule/ions present in the fluids

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27
Q

What is the driving forces for water movement across the capillary wall?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and antic pressure

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28
Q

Name for force created by hydrostatic pressure and antic pressure ?

A

Starling forces

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29
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Pressure caused by molecules within the vessel
Avoids the water to leave the vessel (opposite direction of osmotic pressure)

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30
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of ECF constituents as relatively constant

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31
Q

What can the ECF be considered as?

A

A buffer zone

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32
Q

What does homeostasis effect, equilibrium or steady state?

A

Both

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33
Q

How does homeostasis maintain nearly constant conditions in the internal environment?

A

Control mechanism maintain concentrations of ion, nutrients and substances in the body despite the change in environment so that cells, tissues and organs continue to perform normal function

34
Q

What systems contribute to homeostasis?

A

Nervous
Endocrine (hormonal)
Respiratory
Circulatory
Digestive
Excretory
Integumentary (skin)

35
Q

What 2 stages are the ECF transported through?

A

Blood vessels
Between blood capillaries and intercellular spaces between the tissue cells

36
Q

Where does exchange of ECF occur?

A

Between the plasma portion of the blood and the interstitial fluid that fills the intercellular space

37
Q

What are the inputs in homeostasis?

A

O2
Nutrients
Waste products

38
Q

How is the muscoskeletal system involved in homeostasis?

A

Temperature (shivering)
Movement/motility for obtaining food/protection

39
Q

Outputs of homeostasis

A

Removal of CO2
Metabolic products (glucose, amino acids and so on)
Waste products (urea, uric acid, creatinine, excess of ions and so on)
Undigested material
Drugs and chemicals

40
Q

What is it called when the input is greater than the output in homeostasis?

A

Positive balance

41
Q

What is it called when the output is greater than the input in homeostasis?

A

Negative balance

42
Q

What is needed for the homeostatic control?

A

Part of the body which is censors which can record deviation input and output

43
Q

What is the set point?

A

Range which system has to maintain input and output

44
Q

What is it called when the input is greater than the output in homeostasis?

A

Positive balance

45
Q

What is it called when the output is greater than the input in homeostasis?

A

Negative balance

46
Q

What censor controls thirst?

A

CNS cencor

47
Q

Is the homeostatic control also regulated at the cellular level?

A

Yes

48
Q

2 cellular local means to control homeostasis

A

Paracrine to autocrine system
Gap junction

49
Q

2 cellular means from distant cells to control homeostasis

A

Endocrine
Neuron synapses

50
Q

How does the nervous system regulate body functions?

A

Sensory input which detect the state of the body and its surroundings
Brain stores info/process the stimulus/determines reactions
The motor output produce the response

51
Q

How does the hormone system regulate the body functions?

A

Hormones are transported in the ECF and regular cellular function

52
Q

What does the nervous system control in regards to homeostasis?

A

Many muscular and secretory activities of the body

53
Q

What does the hormone system regulate in regards to homeostasis?

A

Metabolic functions

54
Q

Which 3 systems are involved in protection of the body?

A

Immune system
Integumentary systen (skin)
Reproduction

55
Q

How does reproduction maintain homeostasis?

A

By creating new beginnings to replace those dying

56
Q

What does the immune system protect the body from?

A

Pathogens

57
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Skin with appendages (hair, nails, glands, etc)

58
Q

What happens if the tissue fluid is oxygenated enough?

A

No release of O2

59
Q

What happens if the tissue fluid is deoxygenated?

A

Release of O2

60
Q

Why is O2-bufferung function of haemoglobin which regulates tissue O2 concentration important?

A

To prevent by-oxygenation of tissue

61
Q

What happens to CO2 when the metabolic rate is high?

A

It accumulates so O2 needs to increase

62
Q

What does high CO2 concentration in blood do to the respiratory center?

A

It excite it which increases expiration of CO2 which removes excess CO2 from the blood and tissue fluids

63
Q

What happens if the material blood pressure is too high?

A

The baroreceptors send nerve impulses to medulla
Vasomotor center is inhibited
Number of impulses from the vasomotor center through the sympathetic nerevous system to the heart and blood vessels are decreased

64
Q

What happens if the material blood pressure is too low?

A

Stretch receptors increase the activity of the vasomotor center
Vasoconstriction and increased heart pumping
Initial decrease in material pressure thus initiates negative feedback to raise pressure to normal

65
Q

What happens if the body temp is too high?

A

Cellular death (lysis)

66
Q

What are the most control systems in the body?

A

Negative feedback loops

67
Q

What is the most important of negative feedback loop?

A

Removing the deviation/initial stimulus

68
Q

If multiple cells work on eachothe rin a negative feedback loop, which removed the initial stimulus?

A

The final cell

69
Q

What kind of control is temperature control?

A

Complicated negative feedback loop

70
Q

How is the effectiveness of a control system measured?

A

Gain of negative feedback

71
Q

What is the other type of control system than negative feedback?

A

Positive feedback

72
Q

How does positive feedback work?

A

Target cell’s response stimulate secretion fo first hormone
Target cell responds by increasing number elf receptors

73
Q

What happens to the stimulus in positive feedback?

A

It is NOT removed

74
Q

What kind of modulation is tonic control?

A

Up down

75
Q

What kind of modulation is negative feedback?

A

On off

76
Q

When is tonic control better?

A

When you don’t want to remove the stimulus

77
Q

What kind of control is better for long term control?

A

Tonic control

78
Q

Wat is the antagonist control governed by?

A

Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

79
Q

Which control system controls the heart?

A

Antagonistic control

80
Q

Which nervous system increases the heart rate?

A

Sympathetic

Human physiology (6 decks)

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