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Cellular function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the cell?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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2
Q

How much of the cell mass is water?

A

70-80%

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3
Q

What does the protoplasm contain?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Which ions are found in the cell?

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulfate
Bicarbonate
Small amounts of sodium, chloride and calcium

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5
Q

How much of the cell mass does proteins make up?

A

10-20%

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6
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

Substances that make up the cell

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7
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

Long filaments (cytoskeletons of cilia, nerve axons)
Not involved in chemical reactions

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8
Q

Examples of structural proteins

A

Fibrillar proteins in the collagen
Elastin fibers of connective tissue, blood vellum walls, tendons and ligaments

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9
Q

2 types of proteins

A

Structural
Functional

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10
Q

Examples of functional proteins

A

Enzymes
Storage-ovalbumin
Hemoglobin
Communication hormones
Contractile actin
Myosin and so on

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11
Q

Can structural proteins only be found inside the cell?

A

No, also outside the cell

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12
Q

Can functional proteins only be found inside the cell?

A

No, many can move so can also move outside the cell

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13
Q

How much of the cell mass does lipids make up?

A

2%

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14
Q

Are lipids soluble in fat?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

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16
Q

Main components that determine plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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17
Q

Proteins in the plasma membrane are what kind of proteins?

A

Depends on their role

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18
Q

How much of fat cells does triglycerides make up?

A

95%

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19
Q

How much does carbohydrates make up of muscle cells?

A

1-3%

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20
Q

What does carbohydrates play a role in the cell?

A

Nutrition
Some structural function

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21
Q

What are functions of carbohydrates of cell membrane

A

Some have electrically charge used to repelle molecules with same charge
Some are receptors

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22
Q

What are the lipids of the organelles formed by?

A

Lipids

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23
Q

What does the plasma membrane separate?

A

Intracellular and extracellular compartments

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24
Q

What functions is the plasma membrane involved with?

A

Selective transport
Cell recognition
Cell communication
Tissue organization
Cell shape
Active involvement in endocytess and excocytes

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25
5 important organelles which are dispersed in the cytoplasm
ER Golgi Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes
26
Function of ER
Synthesis, folding, modification and transport of proteins
27
What is found inside the tubules and seiches of the ER?
Encoplasmic mat5rix
28
Different name for rough ER
Granular
29
Different name for smooth ER
Agranular
30
What makes the difference between the rough and smooth ER
Presence of ribosomes
31
What does the ribosomes do?
Translate mRNA into proteins
32
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Prominent secretory cells
33
What do the substances processed in the Golgi apparatus form?
Lysosomes Secretory vesicles Other cytoplasmic components
34
What kind of organelles are lysosomes?
Vesicular
35
Main function of lysosomes?
Digest
36
What can lysosomes be defined as?
Intracellular digestive system
37
What can lysosomes digest?
Things that are no longer functional Food substances that are too large Some organism like some bacteria
38
What is the lysosomal storage diseases characterised by?
Lysosomal disfunction because of one or more hydrolyses that are not synthesised, inactive or not properly sorted and packed
39
What is the consequences of the absence of one or more hydrolyses in lysosomes?
The lysosomes becomes engorged because of accumulation of substances that should be removed becuase of the malfunction
40
What are peroxisome similar to?
Lysosomes
41
How do peroxisomes differ?
Can form by self-replication Contain oxidases instead of hydrolases
42
How do mitochondria replicate?
Via self-replication
43
Which organelle aside from nucleus contains DNA?
Mitochondria
44
What is the cytoskeleton?
Ne3twork of proteins organised into filaments and tubules
45
What does the intermediate filaments do?
Provide strength and support for the tubular structures (mechanical functions)
46
What are microtubules?
Polymerised tubulin molecules
47
What are the centrioles and mitotic spindels of mitring cells composed of?
Stiff microtubules
48
What is the control center of the cells?
The nucleus
49
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA (gene)
50
What does the nucleoli (without membrane) contain?
RNA and proteins
51
What is the functional systems do the cell do?
Endocytosis
52
What makes the cell a living organism?
Endocystosis
53
What is endocytosis?
Specialized function of the cell membrane allowing substance that can't enter through diffusion or active transport to enter the cell
54
What is pinocytosis?
Ingestion of small particles forming vesicles of fluid and particulate constituents
55
What is phagocytosis?
Ingestion of large particles such as bacteria pr proteins degenerating tissue
56
2 types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
57
What is the endproduct of pinocytosis called?
A pinocytotic vesicle
58
Example of cells performing phagocytosis
Macrophages Some white blood cells
59
4 steps of phagocytosis
Receptors attaching of particle Edge of membrane evaginate outward (phagocytosis vesicle)
60
What does lysosomes empty inside the vesicle?
Acid hydrolases
61
What is a digestive vesicle?
A vesicle that hydrolyse the proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and other substances
62
What are lysosomes also called?
The digestive organs of the cells
63
What is left when all that can be digested by digestive vesicles are digested?
Residual body
64
What does the vesicle become after being a pinocytotic or phagocytic vesicle?
Digestive vesicle
65
Which kind of endocytosis digests complex organisms?
Phagocytosis
66
Which kind of endocytosis digests proteins?
Pinocytosis
67
Other roles than digestion of lysosomes
Destroy damaged part of cells and if damage is severe, the whole cell Help tissue regress to smaller size (like uterus after birth)
68
What is it called when the wholes cell is digested by hydrolases?
Autolysis
69
Which ER forms proteins?
Rough ER
70
Which ER synthetize lipids?
Smooth ER
71
What is the smooth ER involved in?
providing enzymes controlling glycogen breakdown and enzymes capable of detoxifying substances
72
What can the golgi apparatus synthesise?
Carbohydrates that can't be formed by the ER
73
What generates the secretory vesicles?
Golgi apparatus
74
How do the secretory vesicles go from Golgi to cell membrane?
They diffuse
75
What is the energy from ATP used for?
Transport substances through multiple membranes in the cell Synthesis of chemical compounds Mechanical work
76
What are the 2 types of cell movement?
Ameboid locomotion and ciliary movement

Human physiology (6 decks)

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