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Human physiology > Cellular function > Flashcards

Cellular function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the cell?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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2
Q

How much of the cell mass is water?

A

70-80%

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3
Q

What does the protoplasm contain?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Which ions are found in the cell?

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulfate
Bicarbonate
Small amounts of sodium, chloride and calcium

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5
Q

How much of the cell mass does proteins make up?

A

10-20%

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6
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

Substances that make up the cell

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7
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

Long filaments (cytoskeletons of cilia, nerve axons)
Not involved in chemical reactions

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8
Q

Examples of structural proteins

A

Fibrillar proteins in the collagen
Elastin fibers of connective tissue, blood vellum walls, tendons and ligaments

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9
Q

2 types of proteins

A

Structural
Functional

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10
Q

Examples of functional proteins

A

Enzymes
Storage-ovalbumin
Hemoglobin
Communication hormones
Contractile actin
Myosin and so on

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11
Q

Can structural proteins only be found inside the cell?

A

No, also outside the cell

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12
Q

Can functional proteins only be found inside the cell?

A

No, many can move so can also move outside the cell

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13
Q

How much of the cell mass does lipids make up?

A

2%

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14
Q

Are lipids soluble in fat?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

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16
Q

Main components that determine plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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17
Q

Proteins in the plasma membrane are what kind of proteins?

A

Depends on their role

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18
Q

How much of fat cells does triglycerides make up?

A

95%

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19
Q

How much does carbohydrates make up of muscle cells?

A

1-3%

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20
Q

What does carbohydrates play a role in the cell?

A

Nutrition
Some structural function

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21
Q

What are functions of carbohydrates of cell membrane

A

Some have electrically charge used to repelle molecules with same charge
Some are receptors

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22
Q

What are the lipids of the organelles formed by?

A

Lipids

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23
Q

What does the plasma membrane separate?

A

Intracellular and extracellular compartments

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24
Q

What functions is the plasma membrane involved with?

A

Selective transport
Cell recognition
Cell communication
Tissue organization
Cell shape
Active involvement in endocytess and excocytes

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25
Q

5 important organelles which are dispersed in the cytoplasm

A

ER
Golgi
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

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26
Q

Function of ER

A

Synthesis, folding, modification and transport of proteins

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27
Q

What is found inside the tubules and seiches of the ER?

A

Encoplasmic mat5rix

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28
Q

Different name for rough ER

A

Granular

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29
Q

Different name for smooth ER

A

Agranular

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30
Q

What makes the difference between the rough and smooth ER

A

Presence of ribosomes

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31
Q

What does the ribosomes do?

A

Translate mRNA into proteins

32
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Prominent secretory cells

33
Q

What do the substances processed in the Golgi apparatus form?

A

Lysosomes
Secretory vesicles
Other cytoplasmic components

34
Q

What kind of organelles are lysosomes?

A

Vesicular

35
Q

Main function of lysosomes?

A

Digest

36
Q

What can lysosomes be defined as?

A

Intracellular digestive system

37
Q

What can lysosomes digest?

A

Things that are no longer functional
Food substances that are too large
Some organism like some bacteria

38
Q

What is the lysosomal storage diseases characterised by?

A

Lysosomal disfunction because of one or more hydrolyses that are not synthesised, inactive or not properly sorted and packed

39
Q

What is the consequences of the absence of one or more hydrolyses in lysosomes?

A

The lysosomes becomes engorged because of accumulation of substances that should be removed becuase of the malfunction

40
Q

What are peroxisome similar to?

A

Lysosomes

41
Q

How do peroxisomes differ?

A

Can form by self-replication
Contain oxidases instead of hydrolases

42
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

Via self-replication

43
Q

Which organelle aside from nucleus contains DNA?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Ne3twork of proteins organised into filaments and tubules

45
Q

What does the intermediate filaments do?

A

Provide strength and support for the tubular structures (mechanical functions)

46
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Polymerised tubulin molecules

47
Q

What are the centrioles and mitotic spindels of mitring cells composed of?

A

Stiff microtubules

48
Q

What is the control center of the cells?

A

The nucleus

49
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA (gene)

50
Q

What does the nucleoli (without membrane) contain?

A

RNA and proteins

51
Q

What is the functional systems do the cell do?

A

Endocytosis

52
Q

What makes the cell a living organism?

A

Endocystosis

53
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Specialized function of the cell membrane allowing substance that can’t enter through diffusion or active transport to enter the cell

54
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Ingestion of small particles forming vesicles of fluid and particulate constituents

55
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of large particles such as bacteria pr proteins degenerating tissue

56
Q

2 types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

57
Q

What is the endproduct of pinocytosis called?

A

A pinocytotic vesicle

58
Q

Example of cells performing phagocytosis

A

Macrophages
Some white blood cells

59
Q

4 steps of phagocytosis

A

Receptors attaching of particle
Edge of membrane evaginate outward (phagocytosis vesicle)

60
Q

What does lysosomes empty inside the vesicle?

A

Acid hydrolases

61
Q

What is a digestive vesicle?

A

A vesicle that hydrolyse the proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and other substances

62
Q

What are lysosomes also called?

A

The digestive organs of the cells

63
Q

What is left when all that can be digested by digestive vesicles are digested?

A

Residual body

64
Q

What does the vesicle become after being a pinocytotic or phagocytic vesicle?

A

Digestive vesicle

65
Q

Which kind of endocytosis digests complex organisms?

A

Phagocytosis

66
Q

Which kind of endocytosis digests proteins?

A

Pinocytosis

67
Q

Other roles than digestion of lysosomes

A

Destroy damaged part of cells and if damage is severe, the whole cell
Help tissue regress to smaller size (like uterus after birth)

68
Q

What is it called when the wholes cell is digested by hydrolases?

A

Autolysis

69
Q

Which ER forms proteins?

A

Rough ER

70
Q

Which ER synthetize lipids?

A

Smooth ER

71
Q

What is the smooth ER involved in?

A

providing enzymes controlling glycogen breakdown and enzymes capable of detoxifying substances

72
Q

What can the golgi apparatus synthesise?

A

Carbohydrates that can’t be formed by the ER

73
Q

What generates the secretory vesicles?

A

Golgi apparatus

74
Q

How do the secretory vesicles go from Golgi to cell membrane?

A

They diffuse

75
Q

What is the energy from ATP used for?

A

Transport substances through multiple membranes in the cell
Synthesis of chemical compounds
Mechanical work

76
Q

What are the 2 types of cell movement?

A

Ameboid locomotion and ciliary movement

Human physiology (6 decks)

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