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ANSC 3080 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two responsibilities of homeostasis?

A
  1. Maintain constant + normal internal environment
  2. Coordinate response between systems to compensate for environmental changes
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2
Q

What is a homeotherm?

A

Animal that is able to generate + dissipate their own heat

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3
Q

What is the difference between the core body + outer shell?

A

Core Body - protects vital organs + important for survival

Outer Shell - buffer zone between outside + core

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4
Q

What does the thermoneutral zone represent?

A

Environmental temperature where the core temperature is maintained

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5
Q

What happens to the cardiovascular + respiratory system in hypothermia?

A

Blood circulation + respiration fail

Blood thickens + oxygen delivery decreases

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6
Q

What happens in hyperthermia to cell function? Why does this happen?

A

Cells stop functioning as enzymes + protein denature at high temperatures

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7
Q

What three processes/activities help animals produce their own heat? Is it an endothermic or exothermic process?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Growth + Production
  3. Exercise

Endothermic + Inefficient

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8
Q

What 4 methods release heat into the environment. Describe each.

A
  1. Radiation - object with lower radiation absorbs radiation from greater source
  2. Conduction - heat transported through contact
  3. Convection - heat transported using water/air
  4. Evaporation - breakdown of water molecules using energy to transport heat
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9
Q

When exposed to cold, what is the body’s automatic response to generate heat?

A

Shivering

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10
Q

What two systems are involved in non-shivering thermogenesis? What biological process increases?

A

Sympathetic NS + Endocrine (Thyroid hormones)

Metabolism increases

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11
Q

How does the sympathetic NS increase heat production in non-shivering thermogenesis?

A

releases adrenalin + calorigenic effect from brown fat produces heat

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12
Q

How does the endocrine system produce heat in non-shivering thermogenesis?

A

Thyroid hormones are released in order to increase the BMR response

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13
Q

What is the difference between vasodilation + vasoconstriction in the process of heat transport?

A

Vasodilation - promotes heat loss

Vasoconstriction - prevents heat loss

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14
Q

What are 4 methods of evaporation?

A
  1. Passive evaporation
  2. Sweating
  3. Panting
  4. Bathing
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15
Q

What system is involved in sweating? What is the consequence of sweating?

A
  1. Sympathetic NS
  2. Lose ions
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16
Q

The reflex response follows what path to produce a response?

A

Sensor –> Integration Center –> Effectors

17
Q

Describe the reflex response.

A
  1. thermoreceptors sense change in temperature
  2. hypothalamus compares sensory information to internal references
  3. activated effectors return temperature to normal range using sympathetic NS, shivering, and hormones
18
Q

Explain the voluntary component of thermoregulation?

A
  1. hypothalamus exchanges information with the cerebral cortex
  2. the cerebral cortex causes a behavioural response (ex. put on a coat when cold)
19
Q

Where are heat receptors located?

A
  1. Skin below epidermis
  2. Body core
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Viscera
20
Q

What is the difference between peripheral + central thermoreceptors?

A

Peripheral - located under the skin

Central - located in the brain

21
Q

Explain process of heat loss when skin temperature increases.

A
  1. Increase skin + core temperature
  2. Peripheral + central thermoreceptors detect heat increase
  3. Sensory information sent to hypothalamus
    Effects to increase heat loss:
    - Respiratory rate increases
    - Sweat glands increase sweat production
    - vasodilation increases (vasoconstriction decreases) to increase skin blood flow
22
Q

Where is the heat-loss center in the hypothalamus located in response to heat?

A

Anterior hypothalamus

23
Q

What are other effectors to heat loss besides vasodilation + increased respiratory rate?

A
  • behavioural responses (seek shade)
    -decreased physical activity
24
Q

Explain process of heat production when skin temperature decreases.

A
  1. Decrease skin + core temperature
  2. Peripheral + central thermoreceptors detect heat increase
  3. Sensory information sent to hypothalamus
    Effects to increase heat loss:
    - Shivering
    - hormones released to increase metabolism
    - vasoconstriction increases to decrease blood flow
25
Q

Where are cold receptors located?

A

-Skin below epidermis
-body core –> hypothalamus, blood vessels + viscera

26
Q

Where is the heat-producing center located in the hypothalamus in response to cold?

A

Posterior hypothalamus

27
Q

What animals are poor at dissipating heat? Why?

A

Pigs.

  • little sweat produced
  • small mouth forpanting
28
Q

What body part in birds helps dissipate heat?

A

air sac in body cavity

29
Q

What adaptation mechanisms kick in when body tries to adapt to heat?

A
  • sweat production increases
  • increase in aldosterone (hormone) which helps stimulate the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from sweat glands
    -shedding
30
Q

What are the mechanisms that kick in to adapt to the cold?

A
  • change of fur coat
  • increase insulation (subcutaneous fat)
    -hibernation
31
Q

What happens during hibernation?

A
  • voluntary decrease in core body temp followed by rapid increase
  • decrease metabolic rate
32
Q

Why is hibernation important?

A
  • replenish energy when animal is lacking nutrients
33
Q

What causes fevers? Why are they useful?

A
  • caused by pyrogens released during infection + tissue damage

-kill off bacteria that cannot function at high temperatures

34
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthermia (heat stress)?

A
  • convulsion
  • nausea
  • loss of consciousness
  • death
35
Q

What are symptoms of hypothermia (cold stress)?

A
  • slow nervous activity
  • muscular failure
  • death
36
Q

Why are newborns affected by cold stress?

A

don’t have enough fat for insulation

ANSC 3080 (7 decks)

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