Anatomy of the Heart (Cardiovascular I)

Question 1

What are the chambers and valves of the heart?

Answer 1

• 2 atria
• 2 ventricles
• 2 AV valves –> tricuspid + bicuspid
• 2 semilunar valves –> aortic + pulmonary

Question 2

Explain the pulmonary circulatory system.

Answer 2

• arteries to lungs
• veins from lungs

Question 3

Explain the systemic circulatory system.

Answer 3

• arteries to rest of the body
• veins from the rest of the body

Question 4

What are the 7 major functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 4

• transport O2 + Co2
• transport nutrients
• transport waste
• transport heat (thermoregulation)
• transport hormones
• carry immune cells
• stabilize internal environment (buffer)

Question 5

What is the pericardium made of?

Answer 5

2 layers of connective tissue with a cavity

Question 6

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

Answer 6

• visceral layer (attached to heart wall)
• parietal layer

Question 7

What is the function of the pericardium? Why is the cavity filled with fluid?

Answer 7

• prevents over-stretching of the heart
• allows for some movement

Question 8

What is the function of the atria?

Answer 8

• collect returning blood
• serve as reservoirs
• helps transfer blood to ventricles

Question 9

What is the function of the ventricles?

Answer 9

• move blood into systemic + pulmonary circulation

Question 10

What separates the heart halves?

Answer 10

muscular septum

Question 11

What is the endocardium?

Answer 11

• epithelium covering the inner surface of the heart

Question 12

What are the 2 heart valves?

Answer 12

semi-lunar + atrioventricular (AV)

Question 13

What are the semilunar + AV valves made of?

Answer 13

• fibrous CT attached to a fibrous ring

Question 14

What is the purpose of the semilunar + AV valve?

Answer 14

allow blood to flow in only 1 direction

Question 15

Explain the characteristics of the AV valves? What are the 2 AV valves?

Answer 15

• bicuspid/mitral (left)
• tricuspid (right)
• thin + anchored to wall of ventricle
• free end of AV valves attached to papillary muscles in ventricles to prevent backflow of blood

Question 16

What are the 2 semi-lunar valves? Where are they located?

Answer 16

• aortic (between L ventricle + aorta)
• pulmonary (between R ventricle + pulmonary artery)

Question 17

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

Answer 17

• bring blood (nutrients + oxygen) to the heart

Question 18

What stops the tricuspid valve from opening and allowing backflow of blood?

Answer 18

papillary muscle + chordae tendinae

Question 19

What does opening + closing of valves rely on?

Answer 19

• passive mechanism
• dependent on blood pressure (BP moves from high to low pressure)

Question 20

What is the basic function of arteries?

Answer 20

• convey blood from heart to tissues/organs

Question 21

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries? What side of the heart is it on?

Answer 21

• leave right ventricle to bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs
  -right side

Question 22

What is the function of the aorta? What side of the heart is it on?

Answer 22

• leave L ventricle to bring oxygenated blood back to the body
• left side

Question 23

What is the basic function of veins?

Answer 23

• convey blood from tissues/organs to the heart

Question 24

What are the 2 main veins? What is their function?

Answer 24

• 2 vena cava –> superior + inferior
• brings deoxygenated blood to R atrium

Question 25

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

Answer 25

- brings oxygenated blood to L atrium

Question 26

Why is the aorta elastic?

Answer 26

- receives lots of pressure from ventricle contractions (absorbs P) - keep pressure higher in arterial side than veins - maintain flow of blood in body

Question 27

Describe the characteristics of small arteries + their function.

Answer 27

- decrease in elasticity + increase in smooth muscle (allows contraction + opening) - delivers blood locally to arterioles + capillaries - controls pressure via tone of vessel's smooth muscle

Question 28

Where is the site of gas + nutrient exchange?

Answer 28

capillaries

Question 29

What do venules do?

Answer 29

collect blood from capillaries

Question 30

What kind of pressure system is the venous system? What causes venous return?

Answer 30

- low pressure - change in tone

Question 31

True or False: The systemic system has arteries and the pulmonary system has veins.

Answer 31

False: Systemic + pulmonary systems have both arteries + veins/

Question 32

Explain the characteristics of the pulmonary system.

Answer 32

- heart/lungs loop to oxygenate the blood - low pressure + resistance - highly distensible

Question 33

Explain the characteristics of the systemic system.

Answer 33

- distribution of oxygenated blood + nutrients to the body - high pressure + resistance

Question 34

Work performed by the left ventricle is greater than the right ventricle by: a) 10-15 fold b) 5-7 fold c) 20-30 fold d) 2-4 fold

Answer 34

b) 5-7 fold

Question 35

What is the phase of contraction known as?

Answer 35

systole

Question 36

What is the relaxation/filling phase known as?

Answer 36

diastole

Question 37

Name the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle.

Answer 37

1. diastole 2. atrial contraction 3. isovolumic contraction 4. systole (ejection) 5. isovolumic relaxation