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ANSC 3080 > Functional Anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord - CNS (Neurophysiology II) > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord - CNS (Neurophysiology II) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
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2
Q

What are the 2 components in the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the brain stem?

A
  • mesencephalon
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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4
Q

What are the 3 layers that surround the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges include:
- dura mater (outer)
- arachnoid (middle)
- pia mater (inner)

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the dura mater?

A
  • thick + tough
  • supports the brain
  • inserted between cerebral hemispheres
  • forms venous sinus
  • collects blood + CSF from brain
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6
Q

What is the pia mater tightly attached to?

A

neural tissue

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7
Q

What is between the arachnoid + pia mater? What does it contain

A
  • sub-arachnoid space
  • contains CSF
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8
Q

What forms CSF?

A
  • formed by capillaries of specialized areas of pia mater –> choroid plexus
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9
Q

Where does the CSF circulate?

A
  • circulates from brain’s ventricles down to central canal of the spinal cord
  • diffuses from 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space + circulates around brain/spinal cord
  • drained into venous sinus before entering blood circulation
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10
Q

What are the roles of CSF?

A
  • provide nutrients to CNS
  • protection (shock absorber)
  • ionic concentration ideal for optimum neuronal function
  • blood-CSF barrier at choroid plexus
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11
Q

What happens if CSF accumulates?

A
  • increased pressure + may be fatal
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12
Q

What happens in newborns in regards to CSF, arachnoid villus + skull?

A
  • CSF –> hydrocephalus causes accumulation of CSF
  • arachnoid villus not fully functional
  • skull not fully fused
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13
Q

Explain the blood-brain barrier.

A
  • no cells or proteins cross the blood-brain barrier
  • low AA + liposoluble substances (gases) can diffuse across barrier
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14
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain? What layer is it? What is its function?

A
  • grey matter
  • most superficial layer (super folded)

Function:
- site of high nervous association
- high degree of educability –> can learn + store information
- responsible for conscious experience of sensory input

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15
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
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16
Q

What are the 4 stimulation cortex’s in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • motor cortex = lateral
  • somatosensory cortex = parietal
  • visual cortex = occipital
  • auditory cortex = temporal
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17
Q

What are areas in the cerebral cortex without defined reactions called?

A
  • association cortex
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18
Q

Describe white matter.

A
  • beneath the cortex + composed of myelinated nerve fibers
  • asssociation fibers between parts of cortex
  • commissural fibers between R + L hemispheres
  • projection fibers connect cortex to other brain structures + spinal cord
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19
Q

Where are basal nuclei located?

A
  • deep within cerebrum (close to thalamus)
  • underneath the cerebral cortex
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20
Q

What are basal nuclei?

A
  • paired nuclei composed of large pools of neurons
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21
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?

A
  • control complex semi-voluntary movements (walking/running)
  • work in conjunction with cortex + cerebellum
  • controls voluntary movements in birds
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22
Q

What is the main role of the cerebellum?

A
  • prevent distortion of intended movement
23
Q

What does the cerebellum receive information from?

A
  • inner ear –> sensory stimuli
  • proprioceptive receptors –> muscles, tendons + koints
  • cortex –> visual + motor
24
Q

What is the function of cerebellum?

A
  • receives information regarding status of the body, intended movement + makes adjustment for smooth completion
25
Q

Where are corrective signals sent to by the cerebellum?

A
  • sent via thalamus to cortex + spinal nuclei
26
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
  • epithalamus
  • hypothalamus
27
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? Where does it receive information from? What does it contain?

A
  • relay station for sensory information –> sends information from PNS to NS
  • receives information from cerebellum, basal ganglia + cerebral cortex
  • contains grey mattter
28
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A
  • contains olfactory correlation + pineal gland
  • pineal gland used to regulate sleep cycle + produce melatonin
29
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • produces neuropeptides that control the anterior pituitary
  • produces neurohormones released by posterior pituitary
  • principle regulation of autonomic NS with brain stem –> most important region for control of homeostasis + thermoregulation
30
Q

What is the function of the brain stem? What does it contain large amounts of?

A
  • helps maintain respiratory + cardiovascular system
  • contains large amounts of white matter
31
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A
  • misencephalon, pons + medulla oblongata
32
Q

What are the 2 reflex centers of the misencephalon? What are their functions?

A
  • visual reflex center –> receives visual information + controls eye movement for focus
  • auditory reflex center –> receives auditory information + turns head for noise
33
Q

True or False: Misencephalon is large in most mammal’s midbrains.

A

False: Misencephalon is SMALL in most mammal’s midbrains. It is covered by the cortex.

34
Q

Why is the medulla oblongata crucial?

A
  • controls heart activity
  • controls blood pressure
  • controls relative distribution of blood to organs
35
Q

What are the functions of the pons + medulla oblongata?

A
  • contains center for postural reflexes
  • controls respiratory movements
36
Q

How many cranial nerve pairs are there?

A

12

37
Q

What are the 2 purely sensory cranial nerves? Where are they located?

A
  • olfactory + optic
  • remain in the brain
38
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A
  • optic nerve brings visual information to integration center in the brain
39
Q

What kind of nerves are III - XII? Where do they exit?

A
  • all exit from brain stem + innervate structures of head + neck
  • mixed sensory + motor nerves
40
Q

What nerve is the exception (between III-XII)?

A

Vagus Nerve (X)

41
Q

Explain characteristics of the vagus nerve?

A
  • most widely distributed nerve throughout the body (neck to abdomen)
  • part of the PNS
  • parasympathetic fibers to visceral structures in the thorax + abdomen
42
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spinal cord?

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccygeal
43
Q

What is the role of intervertebral discs?

A
  • flexibility
44
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A
  • where spinal nerves exit the spinal cord
45
Q

What holds the spinal cord together?

A
  • connective tissue + muscles
46
Q

True of False: The spinal cord has the ability to integrate information locally. It is known as a reflex.

A

True

47
Q

Explain white matter in the spinal cord.

A
  • contains myelinated + unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons)
  • arranged in columns or “tracts”
48
Q

Explain grey matter in the spinal cord.

A
  • contains cell bodies + dendrites
  • shaped like a butterfly
  • dorsal horn = sensory (brings information in)
  • ventral horn = motor (skeletal muscles) + autonomic fibers –> sends information out
  • middle zone = association fibers
49
Q

What does the central canal contain in the spinal cord?

A
  • contains CSF
50
Q

What is a ganglion?

A
  • group of cell bodies
51
Q

True or False: Spinal nerves are enter/exit the spinal cord.

A

True

52
Q

How are spinal nerves formed?

A
  • formed by joined dorsal + ventral roots
  • merge with spinal canal
53
Q

Where do the spinal nerves emerge from?

A
  • intervertebral foramina
54
Q

Explain spinal nerves in relation to spinal segments.

A
  • each spinal segment receives sensory information from a section of the skin (dermatomes) + sends information to muscles (myotomes)
  • predicts the effect of spinal cord injury

ANSC 3080 (7 decks)

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