Homeostasis

Question 1

nephron

Answer 1

the functional unit of the kidney

Question 2

portal system

Answer 2

2 sets of capillaries in series through which blood must travel before returning to heart

Question 3

kidney cortex

Answer 3

outer layer of kidney

Question 4

kidney medulla

Answer 4

inner part of kidney

Question 5

renal pelvis

Answer 5

deepest layer of kidney

Question 6

afferent arterioles

Answer 6

small branches from renal artery

travels through medulla and into the cortex

Question 7

glomeruli location

Answer 7

capillaries derived from afferent arterioles

Question 8

efferent arterioles

Answer 8

lead blood from glomeruli to vasa recta

Question 9

vasa recta

Answer 9

second set of capillaries in the kidneys

Question 10

Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 10

cuplike structure
surrounds complex net of capillaries
leads to long tubule

Question 11

long tubule after Bowman’s capsule

Answer 11

proximal convoluted tubule -> descending limbs of the loop of Henle -> ascending limbs of loop of Henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct

Question 12

nephron functionality filtration

Answer 12

20% of blood that passes through glomerulus filtered into Bowman’s space
Collected fluid known as filtrate
filter is isotonic
big molecules do not fit through filter

Question 13

will the Bowman’s Capsule contain cells or proteins?

Answer 13

No

The glomerulus filter filters based on size

Question 14

nephron functionality secretion

Answer 14

mechanism for excreting wastes too large for glomerular pores
able to secrete salts, acids, bases, and urea into tubule

Question 15

nephron functionality reabsorption

Answer 15

certain items always reabsorbed

glucose, amino acids

Question 16

effect of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on collecting duct permeability

Answer 16

increases collecting duct permeability

facilities water reabsorption

Question 17

If substance does not leave tubule, what will happen?

Answer 17

excreted from the body

Question 18

descending limb permeability

Answer 18

water, but not salt

Question 19

ascending limb permeability

Answer 19

salt, but not water

Question 20

collecting duct permeability

Answer 20

almost always reabsorbs water
well hydrated -> impermeable
dehydrated -> permeable

Question 21

proximal and distal tubule permeability

Answer 21

most substances, including water

Question 22

osmolarity gradient

Answer 22

kidney alters osmolarity of the interstitium to alter absorption level

Question 23

increasing ionic gradient list

Answer 23

cortex -> outer medulla -> inner medulla

Question 24

why does the kidney move Na+ and Cl- ions into and out of tubule

Answer 24

to alter water reabsorb rates

Question 25

aldosterone: why released, where released from, and function

Answer 25

in response to decreased blood volume adrenal cortex increases sodium reabsorbtion to increase water reabsorbtion

Question 26

ADH: why released, where released from, and function

Answer 26

in response to high blood osmolarity posterior pituitary makes cell junction of collecting duct leaky, causes reuptake of water due to hypertonic surroundings

Question 27

flow order from collecting duct

Answer 27

ureter -> bladder (stored until voiding) -> urethra

Question 28

Three compounds that should be absent from healthy urine

Answer 28

blood: too large to be filtered at glomerulus protein: should be fully reabsorbed glucose: should be fully reabsorbed

Question 29

liver in times of plenty

Answer 29

converts glucose into glycogen

Question 30

liver in times of famine

Answer 30

glycogen broken into glucose and released into blood stream

Question 31

gluconeogenesis

Answer 31

liver makes new glucose from variety of precursors

Question 32

liver roles

Answer 32

``` detoxification storage of vitamins and cofactors (iron, B12) destruction of old erythrocytes bile synthesis various blood proteins synthesis defense against antigens beta-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids ```

Question 33

large intestine

Answer 33

reabsorbs salt and water (does not direct overall fluid balance) can excrete salts such, calcium and iron

Question 34

outer most skin layer

Answer 34

epidermis

Question 35

skin layer under epidermis

Answer 35

dermis

Question 36

skin layer under dermis

Answer 36

hypodermis

Question 37

hypodermis

Answer 37

connects skin to body

Question 38

melanocytes

Answer 38

skin cells | release melanin for UV protection

Question 39

endotherms

Answer 39

animals that maintain a constant temperature

Question 40

ectotherms

Answer 40

animals whose temperature depends on external environment