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MCAT Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney

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2
Q

portal system

A

2 sets of capillaries in series through which blood must travel before returning to heart

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3
Q

kidney cortex

A

outer layer of kidney

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4
Q

kidney medulla

A

inner part of kidney

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5
Q

renal pelvis

A

deepest layer of kidney

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6
Q

afferent arterioles

A

small branches from renal artery

travels through medulla and into the cortex

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7
Q

glomeruli location

A

capillaries derived from afferent arterioles

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8
Q

efferent arterioles

A

lead blood from glomeruli to vasa recta

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9
Q

vasa recta

A

second set of capillaries in the kidneys

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10
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

cuplike structure
surrounds complex net of capillaries
leads to long tubule

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11
Q

long tubule after Bowman’s capsule

A

proximal convoluted tubule -> descending limbs of the loop of Henle -> ascending limbs of loop of Henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct

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12
Q

nephron functionality filtration

A

20% of blood that passes through glomerulus filtered into Bowman’s space
Collected fluid known as filtrate
filter is isotonic
big molecules do not fit through filter

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13
Q

will the Bowman’s Capsule contain cells or proteins?

A

No

The glomerulus filter filters based on size

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14
Q

nephron functionality secretion

A

mechanism for excreting wastes too large for glomerular pores
able to secrete salts, acids, bases, and urea into tubule

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15
Q

nephron functionality reabsorption

A

certain items always reabsorbed

glucose, amino acids

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16
Q

effect of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on collecting duct permeability

A

increases collecting duct permeability

facilities water reabsorption

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17
Q

If substance does not leave tubule, what will happen?

A

excreted from the body

18
Q

descending limb permeability

A

water, but not salt

19
Q

ascending limb permeability

A

salt, but not water

20
Q

collecting duct permeability

A

almost always reabsorbs water
well hydrated -> impermeable
dehydrated -> permeable

21
Q

proximal and distal tubule permeability

A

most substances, including water

22
Q

osmolarity gradient

A

kidney alters osmolarity of the interstitium to alter absorption level

23
Q

increasing ionic gradient list

A

cortex -> outer medulla -> inner medulla

24
Q

why does the kidney move Na+ and Cl- ions into and out of tubule

A

to alter water reabsorb rates

25
Q

aldosterone: why released, where released from, and function

A

in response to decreased blood volume
adrenal cortex
increases sodium reabsorbtion to increase water reabsorbtion

26
Q

ADH: why released, where released from, and function

A

in response to high blood osmolarity
posterior pituitary
makes cell junction of collecting duct leaky, causes reuptake of water due to hypertonic surroundings

27
Q

flow order from collecting duct

A

ureter -> bladder (stored until voiding) -> urethra

28
Q

Three compounds that should be absent from healthy urine

A

blood: too large to be filtered at glomerulus
protein: should be fully reabsorbed
glucose: should be fully reabsorbed

29
Q

liver in times of plenty

A

converts glucose into glycogen

30
Q

liver in times of famine

A

glycogen broken into glucose and released into blood stream

31
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

liver makes new glucose from variety of precursors

32
Q

liver roles

A 
detoxification
storage of vitamins and cofactors (iron, B12)
destruction of old erythrocytes
bile synthesis
various blood proteins synthesis
defense against antigens
beta-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones
interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids
33
Q

large intestine

A

reabsorbs salt and water (does not direct overall fluid balance)
can excrete salts such, calcium and iron

34
Q

outer most skin layer

A

epidermis

35
Q

skin layer under epidermis

A

dermis

36
Q

skin layer under dermis

A

hypodermis

37
Q

hypodermis

A

connects skin to body

38
Q

melanocytes

A

skin cells

release melanin for UV protection

39
Q

endotherms

A

animals that maintain a constant temperature

40
Q

ectotherms

A

animals whose temperature depends on external environment

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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