Endocrine System

Question 1

Growth Hormone

Answer 1

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: stimulates bone and muscle growth

Question 2

prolactin

Answer 2

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates milk production and secretion

Question 3

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 3

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Question 4

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 4

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

Question 5

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 5

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males

Question 6

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 6

source: anterior pituitary
action: follicle maturation in females;
spermatogenesis in males

Question 7

oxytocin

Answer 7

source: hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary
action: uterine contractions during labor, and milk secretion during lactation

Question 8

vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 8

source: hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary
action: stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys

Question 9

thyroid hormone

Answer 9

source: thyroid
action: stimulates metabolic activity

Question 10

calcitonin

Answer 10

source: thyroid
action: decreases the blood calcium level

Question 11

parathyroid hormone

Answer 11

source: parathyroid
action: increases the blood calcium level

Question 12

glucocorticoids

Answer 12

source: adrenal cortex
action: increase blood glucose level and decrease protein synthesis

Question 13

mineralocorticoids

Answer 13

source: adrenal cortex
action: increase water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 14

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 14

source: adrenal medulla
action: increase blood glucose level and heart rate

Question 15

glucagon

Answer 15

source: pancreas (alpha cells)
action: stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver; increases blood glucose

Question 16

insulin

Answer 16

source: pancreas (beta cells)
action: lowers blood glucose and increases storage of glycogen

Question 17

somatostatin

Answer 17

source: pancreas (delta cells)
action: suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

Question 18

testosterone

Answer 18

source: testis
action: maintains male secondary sexual characteristics

Question 19

estrogen

Answer 19

source: ovary/placenta
action: maintains female secondary sexual characteristics

Question 20

progesterone

Answer 20

source: ovary/placenta
action: promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium

Question 21

melatonin

Answer 21

source: pineal
action: unclear in humans

Question 22

erythropoiletin

Answer 22

source: kidney
action: stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes

Question 23

atrial natriuretic hormone

Answer 23

source: heart
action: involved in osmoregulation

Question 24

thymosin

Answer 24

source: thymus
action: stimulates T lymphocyte development

Question 25

corticosteroids

Answer 25

derived from cholesterol secreted by adrenal cortex in response to ACTH 3 types gluco, mineralo, cortical sex hormones

Question 26

glucocorticids

Answer 26

type of corcticosteroid regulate glucose levels 2 types are cortisol and cortisone

Question 27

cortisol

Answer 27

type of glucocorticid known as stress hormone - released in response to stress decreases inflammation increase gluconeogenesis

Question 28

cortisone

Answer 28

type of glucocorticid decreases inflammation increase gluconeogenesis

Question 29

mineralocorticids

Answer 29

control salt balance through kidneys | aldosterone well-known type

Question 30

cortical sex hormones

Answer 30

male sex hormones (androgens) | can create secondary male effects on females

Question 31

menstrual cycle phases

Answer 31

Follicular ovulation luteal menstruation

Question 32

follicular phase hormone effects

Answer 32

``` estrogen and progesterone decline -> GnRH secretion from hypothalamus -> FSH and LH -> develop follicles -> follicles produce estrogen -> negative feedbacks GnRH, LH, and FSH ```

Question 33

Ovulation hormone effects

Answer 33

high enough estrogen -> GnRH, LH, and FSH increase -> LH surge induces ovulation

Question 34

luteal phase hormone effects

Answer 34

LH causes ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum ->CL secretes progesterone -> maintains lining estrogen + progesterone negative feedbacks GnRH, FSH, and LH

Question 35

menstruation hormone effects

Answer 35

no pregnancy = hCG (LH analog) not made no hCG -> progesterone decline -> uterine line to come off progesterone + estrogen decline -> remove block on GnRH

Question 36

role of estrogen in ovulation phase

Answer 36

estrogen regrows endometrial lining, stimulating vascularization and glandularization of the decidua negative feedbacks GnRH, LH, and FSH

Question 37

pregnancy hormone effects

Answer 37

fertilization occurs -> hCG secreted by blastocyst/placenta -> CL maintained by hCG -> CL maintains estrogen & progesterone (1 tri) -> 2 tri hCG declines & placenta produces estrogen/progesterone -> negative feedbacks GnRH

Question 38

Menopause hormone effects

Answer 38

Ovaries less sensitive to LH/FSH -> fewer follicles develop -> less estrogen/progesterone -> no negative feedback on LH/FSH