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MCAT Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Action: stimulates bone and muscle growth

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2
Q

prolactin

A

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates milk production and secretion

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3
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

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4
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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5
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

source: anterior pituitary
action: stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males

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6
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

source: anterior pituitary
action: follicle maturation in females;
spermatogenesis in males

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7
Q

oxytocin

A

source: hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary
action: uterine contractions during labor, and milk secretion during lactation

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8
Q

vasopressin (ADH)

A

source: hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary
action: stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys

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9
Q

thyroid hormone

A

source: thyroid
action: stimulates metabolic activity

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10
Q

calcitonin

A

source: thyroid
action: decreases the blood calcium level

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11
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

source: parathyroid
action: increases the blood calcium level

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12
Q

glucocorticoids

A

source: adrenal cortex
action: increase blood glucose level and decrease protein synthesis

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13
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

source: adrenal cortex
action: increase water reabsorption in the kidneys

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14
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

source: adrenal medulla
action: increase blood glucose level and heart rate

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15
Q

glucagon

A

source: pancreas (alpha cells)
action: stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver; increases blood glucose

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16
Q

insulin

A

source: pancreas (beta cells)
action: lowers blood glucose and increases storage of glycogen

17
Q

somatostatin

A

source: pancreas (delta cells)
action: suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

18
Q

testosterone

A

source: testis
action: maintains male secondary sexual characteristics

19
Q

estrogen

A

source: ovary/placenta
action: maintains female secondary sexual characteristics

20
Q

progesterone

A

source: ovary/placenta
action: promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium

21
Q

melatonin

A

source: pineal
action: unclear in humans

22
Q

erythropoiletin

A

source: kidney
action: stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes

23
Q

atrial natriuretic hormone

A

source: heart
action: involved in osmoregulation

24
Q

thymosin

A

source: thymus
action: stimulates T lymphocyte development

25
Q

corticosteroids

A

derived from cholesterol
secreted by adrenal cortex in response to ACTH
3 types
gluco, mineralo, cortical sex hormones

26
Q

glucocorticids

A

type of corcticosteroid
regulate glucose levels
2 types are cortisol and cortisone

27
Q

cortisol

A

type of glucocorticid
known as stress hormone - released in response to stress
decreases inflammation
increase gluconeogenesis

28
Q

cortisone

A

type of glucocorticid
decreases inflammation
increase gluconeogenesis

29
Q

mineralocorticids

A

control salt balance through kidneys

aldosterone well-known type

30
Q

cortical sex hormones

A

male sex hormones (androgens)

can create secondary male effects on females

31
Q

menstrual cycle phases

A

Follicular
ovulation
luteal
menstruation

32
Q

follicular phase hormone effects

A 
estrogen and progesterone decline ->
GnRH secretion from hypothalamus ->
FSH and LH -> develop follicles ->
follicles produce estrogen -> negative feedbacks
GnRH, LH, and FSH
33
Q

Ovulation hormone effects

A

high enough estrogen ->
GnRH, LH, and FSH increase ->
LH surge induces ovulation

34
Q

luteal phase hormone effects

A

LH causes ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum ->CL secretes progesterone ->
maintains lining
estrogen + progesterone negative feedbacks
GnRH, FSH, and LH

35
Q

menstruation hormone effects

A

no pregnancy = hCG (LH analog) not made
no hCG -> progesterone decline -> uterine line to come off
progesterone + estrogen decline -> remove block on GnRH

36
Q

role of estrogen in ovulation phase

A

estrogen regrows endometrial lining, stimulating vascularization and glandularization of the decidua
negative feedbacks GnRH, LH, and FSH

37
Q

pregnancy hormone effects

A

fertilization occurs -> hCG secreted by blastocyst/placenta -> CL maintained by hCG -> CL maintains estrogen & progesterone (1 tri) -> 2 tri hCG declines & placenta produces estrogen/progesterone -> negative feedbacks GnRH

38
Q

Menopause hormone effects

A

Ovaries less sensitive to LH/FSH -> fewer follicles develop -> less estrogen/progesterone -> no negative feedback on LH/FSH

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