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MCAT Biology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood Flow Anatomy

starts at left atrium

A

left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> IVC and SVC -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium

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2
Q

Left Heart, Right Heart

A

Systemic, pulmonary
Thick Walled, Thin Walled
High Pressure, Low Pressure

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3
Q

4 Valves in heart

A 
2 atrioventricular (AV) valves
a) right AV
b) left AV
2 semilunar valves
a) pulmonary valve
b) aortic valve
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4
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right AV
prevents backflow from ventricle to atrium during ventricular systole
LAB RAT - Left Atrium Bicupsid Right Atrium Tricuspid

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5
Q

bicuspid valve/mitral valve

A

left AV
prevents backflow from ventricle to atrium during ventricular systole
LAB RAT - left atrium bicuspid, right atrium tricuspid

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6
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

prevents backflow from pulmonaries during ventricular diastole

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7
Q

aortic valve

A

separates left ventricle from aorta

prevents backflow from aorta during ventricular diastole

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8
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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9
Q

systole

A

contraction

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10
Q

cardiac output

A

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute
humans: 5 L / minute
heart rate * stroke volume

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11
Q

heart rate

A

beats per minute

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12
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped per beat

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13
Q

heart beat electric order

A

sinoastrial (SA) node -> atrioventricular (AV) node -> bundle of His (AV bundle) -> Purkinje Fibers

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14
Q

Sinoastrial Node

A

located in wall of right atrium

causes 2 atria to contract simultaneously

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15
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

location: junction of atria and ventricles

signal may be delayed until ventricles filled

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16
Q

bundle of HIS

A

located in interventricular septum

relays signal from AV node to Purkinje Fibers

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17
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

distribute electrical signal through ventricular muscle

causes ventricles to contract

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18
Q

Autonomic divisions

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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19
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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20
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

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21
Q

vagus nerve

A

used by parasympathetic neurotransmitters to slow the heart

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22
Q

sympathetic neurotransmitters effect on heart rate

A

speeds up heart rate

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23
Q

Why are arteries highly elastic

A

to help pump blood when they constrict after expanding

24
Q

How do veins prevent backflow

A

large veins have one-way valves

25
Q

How do veins continue moving the blood forward

A

most large veins are surrounded by skeletal muscle

muscles squeeze veins as muscles contract

26
Q

Capillaries

A

vessels with a single endothelial layer
allows for excchange of nutrients and gases
delicate

27
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

device used to measure blood pressure

28
Q

blood pressure ranking

A

aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

29
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

30
Q

erythrocytes

A 
red blood cells
deliver oxygen
carries hemoglobin
no membrane bound organelles or mitochondria
more room for carrying oxygen
31
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells
1% of blood volume
part of immune system, fighting infection
two types: granulocytes and agrunolyctes

32
Q

platelets

A

derived from megakaryocytes

used for clotting

33
Q

Ancestors of all blood cells

A

hematopoietic stem cells

34
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein that binds to oxygen

can bind to 4 oxygen molecules

35
Q

granulocytes

A

granular leukocytes
cytoplasmic granules are visible under microscopy
granules are mini-bombs containing toxic chemicals to invading microbes
types are: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

36
Q

agranulocytes

A

do not contain granules

consist of lymphocytes and moncytes

37
Q

lymphocytes

A

important in specific immune response
some involved immediate fight against infection
others are long-term memory bank

38
Q

B-cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in spleen or lymph nodes

responsible for antibody generation

39
Q

T-cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus
kill virally infected cells
activate other immune cells

40
Q

monocytes

A

type of agranulocyte
macrophages
phagocytize foreign matter
renamed to macrophages once they leave the bone marrow, travel the bloodstream, and move into tissue outside the vascular system

41
Q

microglia

A

monocytes in the brain

42
Q

platelets

A 
function is to clot blood
derived from break up of megakaryocytes in the marrow
43
Q

anti-bodies produces by Antigen A blood cells

A

anti-B

44
Q

anti-bodies produced by Antigen B blood cells

A

anti-A

45
Q

anti-bodies produced by Antigen AB blood cells

A

none

46
Q

anti-bodies produced by Antigen O blood cells

A

anti-A and anti-B

47
Q

RH factor

A

surface protein expressed in red blood cells

48
Q

RH+

A

RH protein on erythrocytes

dominant trait

49
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

RH- mother immune system attacking RH+ fetal blood cells

happens during 2nd pregnancy if first pregnancy was RH+

50
Q

hemoglobin cooperative binding

A

as more oxygen molecules bond/depart from hemoglobin, the affinity for oxygen increases/decreases

51
Q

lower PH effect on hemoglobin affinity

A

decreases it
likely result of cellular metabolism increasing CO2
means metabolically active tissue needs more oxygen

52
Q

Carbohydrate/Amino Acid Transport

A

Absorbed in small intestine capillaries

enter systemic circulation via hepatic portal system

53
Q

Fat Transport

A

absorbed into lacteals in small intestine
enter systemic circulation via thoracic duct
in bloodstream packaged into lipoproteins

54
Q

Wastes Transport

A

enter blood from tissues through capillaries

leave blood when blood passes excretory organs

55
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

generated by heart contraction/artery elasticity
arteriole end of capillary
forces fluid from blood to interstitial space

56
Q

oncotic (osmotic) pressure

A

higher than hydrostatic pressure at venule end of capillary bed
exerts inward force from tissues into bloodstream

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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