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Module 1 Amino acids and Peptides > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization of the body

A

Molecular > cellular tissue > organs > systemic level organismic level

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2
Q

ICF

A

Intracellular fluids

found in the intracellular compartment

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3
Q

ECF

A

Extracellular fluids

delivers 02, h20 and nutrients to the cells

also waste his delivered here

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4
Q

fluid found outside the cell

A

ecf and plasma fluid

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5
Q

ecf fluid is found in the

A

ecf compartment (icf in icf compartment)

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6
Q

total body fluid is composed of

A

ecf + ICF

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7
Q

how many % does the total body fluid weigh in adults

A

60%

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8
Q

how many % is the ICF from the total body fluid

A

40% (approx 28L in 70kg male)

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9
Q

how many % is the ECF from the total body fluid

A

20% (5-7% plasma) the rest is intersistial fluid

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10
Q

ECF is called the

A

Milieu interieur by 19 century Dr. Claude Bernard

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11
Q

this is routiney checked when blood is extracted for examinatio n

A

ECF

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12
Q

basis for exciteability of nerves and muscles

A

electrolyte concentration of ECF and ICF

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13
Q

Maintaining nearly constant internal environment through powerful control systens

A

Homeostasis

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14
Q

greek terms:
Homeos =
Stasis =

A

Homeos =similar

stasis = standing still

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15
Q

distributes necessary nutrients from the digestive and respiratory systems

A

cardiovascular system

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16
Q

converts waste products less toxic

A

liver

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17
Q

excretes waste products

A

kidneys

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18
Q

this system regulate electrolytes and h20 levels and body fluids

A

renal system

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19
Q

usually the center of normal range

A

SET POINT

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20
Q

variable important for blood transport and flow from lungs and digestive.

A

mean arterial blood pressure

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21
Q

this response reverses the variable, stabilize the effect and returns variable to normal range

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACKS

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22
Q

the disturbance in negative feedback

A

stimulus

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23
Q

the receptors in negative feedbacks

A

sensors

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24
Q

detectable change in regulated variable picked by the sensor

A

Stimulus

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25
Q

receives the stimulus signal and relays input signal or information about the change

A

Sensor

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26
Q

maintains set point conditions and relays signal via efferent pathway and sends signals to effectors

A

Feedback controller

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27
Q

causes the reversal in biological system to normal range

A

Effectors

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28
Q

the desired value of the control system

A

Set point value

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29
Q

difference between input signal from sensor and set point which generates signal to effector to bring back to normal range

A

Error Signal

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30
Q

Cooling signal in the brain

A

hypothalamus (anterior)

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31
Q

the heat conservation/ production center of the brain

A

posterior hypothalamus

32
Q

adrenal medulla or glands releases this when body is cold

A

epinephrine

33
Q

controls skin temperature

A

peripheral thermoreceptors

34
Q

core temperature

A

central thermoreceptors

35
Q

this organ monitorsblood glucose concentration

36
Q

glucose sensing mechanisms

A

islet of langerhans or endocrine cells

37
Q

Endocrine Beta

A

secretes insulin

38
Q

endocrine alpha

A

secretes glucagon

39
Q

the sensor of blood pressure homeostatic

A

baroreceptor

40
Q

feedback controller of blood pressure

A

mudulla oblangata

41
Q

effectors of blood pressure

A

heart, blood vessels

42
Q

the catalysis is stopped by the end product

A

END OF PRODUCT INHIBITION

43
Q

this response amplifies the variable change

A

positive feedback

44
Q

examples of postive feedback

A

childbirth
blood clotting
ovulation
neuron activation

45
Q

commands anticipated before they happen

A

feedforward control

46
Q

the heart rate increases before the onset of exercise

A

ex. of feedforward control

47
Q

complex types of control systems

A
  1. adaptive
  2. feedforward system
  3. chronic adaptation (exercise physio)
  4. acclimization (environmental physio)
48
Q

this organ controls blood glucose concentrations

49
Q

what is the level of sugar after a meal or in the morning

A

120-140mg/dl

50
Q

what does Beta cells secrete

51
Q

what is the function of insulin

A

IT LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE ESPECIALLY AFTER A MEAL
IT FACILITATES GLUCOSE TRANSPORT
IT FACILITATES GLUCOSE STORAGE IN THE LIVER AS GLYCOGEN
IT SERVES AS A FEEDBACK CONTROLLER WHICH ACTIVATES THE RELEASEOF INSULIN TO THE BLOODSTREAM

52
Q

what does alpha cells secrete

53
Q

what is the function of glucagon

A

FACILITATES GLYCOGEN METABOLISM TO GLUCOSE INCREASING PLASMA GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION

54
Q

normal fatsing blood sugar level

55
Q

when glucagon falls below set point what happens

A

pancreatic endocrine cells act as sensors
alpha cells secrete glucagon (feedback controllers)
gulacagon is in the blood stream - error signal

56
Q

CONTROLS THE DEGREE OF CONSTRICTION OF BLOOD

A

vasomotor centers

57
Q

what elevates when there is activity in the body

A

blood pressure

58
Q

what sensors detect elevated bp

A

PECIALIZED NERVE ENDINGS OF ARTERIAL WALLS IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) WHICH IS BARORECEPTOR

59
Q

THE BRAIN (MEDULLA OBLONGATA) OR HEART CONTROLLERS

A

CAA- CARDIO ACCELERATORY AREA WHICH INCREASES THE PUMPING ACTIVITY ; CIA- CARDIO INHIBITORY AREA ) AND SERVES AS THE FEEDBACK CONTROLLER

60
Q

TO DIMINISH THE PUMPING OF THE HEART AND INCREASE BLOOD VESSELS VASODILATION

A

DECREASES THE ACTIVITY OF THE SYPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

INCREASES THE ACTIVITY OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

61
Q

CHILDBIRTH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

A

no. it is positive

62
Q

Positive feedback

A

a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop

63
Q

VASCULAR SPASMS OCCUR WHEN THERE IS A BREAK OR TEAR IN THE BLOOD VESSEL WALLS
- done by platelets
can cause if not stopped by negative feedback

A

Blood clotting

64
Q

major loss of blood (2L)

  • negative feedback of drop of bp via baroreceptor
  • decreased cardiovascular pump
  • heart continues to weaken if lose not stopped till cardiac
A

MASSIVE BLEEDING

65
Q

INVOLVES CENTRALLY GENERATED FEEDFORWARD COMMAND SIGNALS TO THE MOTOR SYSTEM AND OTHER CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR RESPIRATORY, CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS, THERMAL IGNITION, MOBILIZATION/ UTILIZATION OF ENERGY RESERVES

A

FEEDFORWARD CONTROL

66
Q

COMMAND SIGNAL IS GENERATED FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

FEEDFORWARD CONTROL

67
Q

DELAYED NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL

IT IS THE INTERACTION OF FEEDFORWARD AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS

A

ADAPTIVE CONTROL

68
Q

ENDURANCE TYPE ATHLETES: IMPROVED AEROBIC CAPACITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
RESISTANCE OR SPRINT TYPE ATHLETES: IMPROVED ANAEROBIC CAPACITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

A

BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATIONS IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

69
Q

ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

A

MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY: SKELETAL MUSCLES AND CARDIAC MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY

70
Q

INVOLVES PHYSIOLOGIC ADJUSTMENTS TO THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, PHOTOPERIOD, OR PH, ALLOWING IT TO MAINTAIN PERFORMANCE ACROSS A RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

A

ACCLIMATIZATION

71
Q

a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus o

A

osmoreceptors

72
Q

Fick’s Law

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ surface area × concentration difference thickness of membrane. ∝ means ‘is proportional to’.

DIRECTLT PROPORTIUONAL TO

73
Q

Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump (Na,

K-ATPase) will cause:

A

An increase in the intracellular volume

74
Q

In Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium

A

The combination of electrical charge and chemical
concentration gradient across a membrane are in
balance

75
Q

Symporter

A

glucose is transported
inside the membrane through a sodium/glucose
transporter. What sort of transporter is it?

Module 1 Amino acids and Peptides (4 decks)

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