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Module 1 Amino acids and Peptides > Cell histology > Flashcards

Cell histology Flashcards

1
Q

he smallest entity capable of independent existence. It is the basic morphologic and functional unit of all living things

A

Cell

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2
Q

Numerous species of unicellular organisms

A

germs- disease causing bacteria, parasites ex: entamoeba histolytica= amoebiasis)

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3
Q

how do humans start

A

single cell (fertilized ovum or zygote).

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4
Q

union of spermatozoon and ovum (male and female gametes respectively)

A

fertilization

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5
Q

Combination of tissues that form a more complex functional unit

A

Organ`

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6
Q

Combination of cells with the same general function

A

Tissue

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7
Q

Group of organs that have interrelated functions

A

Organ System

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8
Q

human cells (eukaryotic cells) share a common basic structure.

A

mass of cytoplasm

  • cell membrane
  • nucleus encased by nuclear envelope
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9
Q
  • delimits cell from outside
  • protective cover
  • determines what can enter and exit
  • binding sites and receptor for enzymes
  • cell recognition

highly impermeable structure that does not allow molecules aside from water, gases and some molecules to pass freely

A

Cell Membrane (plasmalemma)

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10
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • 2 layers of phospholipids

head and 2 tails

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11
Q

head of cell membrane

A

globular and polar (hydrophobic)

glycerol (outer region)

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12
Q

Tail= Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

A 
Nonpolar (Hydrophobic)
One tail contains saturated FA
The other tail contains unsaturated FA
Has a slight kink but otherwise straight
Linkage between the head and the tail involves covalent bonds
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13
Q
  • half mass of the cell membrane
  • transport substances
  • signal transduction
  • cell recognition
A

protein

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14
Q

2 types of protein

A

transmembrane protein

peripheral membrane

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15
Q

Loosely attached to the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane

A

peripheral membrane

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16
Q

Project out of the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

A

Transmembrane proteins

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17
Q

whats in the cell membrane

A

cell membrane mainly contains proteins, phospholipids but also cholesterol and polysaccharides such as glycolipids and glycoprotein

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18
Q
  • almost as many as phosolipid
  • in irregular spaces
  • makes cell m. less permeable to water soluble
  • harmful if excess in blood = plaques
A

CHOLESTEROL

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19
Q
  • in the forms of glycolipids & glycoproteins
  • project out of the cell to form a coating called Glycocalyx
  • nvolved in cell-to-cell recognition, cell-to-cell adhesion
  • immune response
A

polysaccharides

also known as the unit membrane

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20
Q

of matrix (cytosol) where formed elements are embedded (organelles, inclusions & fibrillar structures)

A

CYTOPLASM

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21
Q

viscid, translucent and colloidal substance which is the site of important biochemical processes
- suitable environment for organelles to work
>70% water: inorganic

A

Matrix

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22
Q
  • alwayys in cytoplasm
  • has specific functions
    all cells have organelles
  • ## except rbc and lens fiber
A

Formed elements (organelles)

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23
Q

Typical organelles in a human cell :

A 
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
RER & SER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Centrosome (contains centrioles)
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24
Q

he cell “powerhouse”
They are able to produce energy because the

  • hotdog-shape or rod like spherical
  • Mitochondria can only be produced from existing mitochondria.
A

Mitochondria

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25
Q

on what does rbc and muscle cells rely

who dont have mitochondria

A

Glycolysis

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26
Q

Distributes proteins throughout the cell

A

Smooth ER

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27
Q

Site of
synthesis of protein for cell maintenance
and metabolic processes

  • synthesis of protein component
  • packages proteins for rer
A

Golgi Apparatus

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28
Q

Source of the microtubules for cell use

-Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC

A

Centrosome (MTOC)

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29
Q
  • recycles protein
  • prtects function from foreign bodies
  • phagocytosis
  • heterophagy
  • autophagy
A

Lysosomes

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30
Q

Prevent degradation of the neuron through
its detoxification function
-Catalase = H2O2 O2 +H2O

A

Peroxisomes

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31
Q
  • form part of the proteins of structures that are needed to be renewed (microtubules/ microfilaments)
  • ## form cytplasmic matrix
A

ribosomes

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32
Q

Most extensive membrane-bound structure in the cytoplasm

-

A

RER & SER

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33
Q

There are ribosomes and polyribosomes attached to its membranes

A

Rough ER-

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34
Q

responsible for bone ressorption which releases their hydrolytic enzymes extracellularly

A

Osteoclast

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35
Q

Digestion of substances foreign to the cell

A

Heterophagy

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36
Q

Digestion of unneeded organelles or any structures within the cell

A

Autophagy

37
Q

most important phagocytes are

A

neutrophils and macrophages

38
Q

LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES

A

Digest all cellular organic matter
Active at pH 5
Inactive at pH7.2 (cytosol)

39
Q

formed by tubular structures known as microtubules

  • ## Source of mitotic spindle fibers (mitosis), Cilia of ciliated cells and tail of sperm cells (flagella)
A

CENTRIOLE

40
Q

Inclusions

A 
Fat droplets 
glycogen 
zymogen granules 
pigment granules 
crystals 
dust particles
41
Q

Temporary inert cellular structures which may or may not be membrane bound
Some are harmful and some are useful

A

INCLUSIONS

42
Q
  • specialized in storing lipids.
  • ## occupy more than 90% of the cell
A

Fat Droplets (Lipid droplets)

43
Q
  • The storage form of carbohydrates
  • ## present in many cells, particularly abundant in liver and muscle cells.
A

Glycogen (Glycogen Granules

44
Q
  • membrane bound proteins from golgi complex released by the cell to the extracellular space via exocytosis
A

Zymogen Granules

45
Q

Pigment Granules

A
  • melanin
  • hemosiderin
  • ## lipochrome
46
Q
  • Brown to black coloration of the skin

is present in nerve cells of substantia nigra & locus coeruleus in the

A

Melanin

47
Q
  • Brown pigment which is the product from the lysosomal digestion of hemoglobin
  • Residual bodies= membrane bound
A

Hemosiderin

48
Q

Yellowish-brown pigments in long-lived cells such as the muscle cells in the myocardium, Sertoli cells in the testes, neurons and

A

Lipochrome

49
Q

Rod shaped but can also occur in other shapes
No known function
Probably degenerative cells as they are presently

present in interstitial cells of Leydig in testes & Sertoli cells of testes)

A

Crystals

50
Q

Brown to black membrane-bound structures

Numerous in a smoker’s lungs and in people who live in a dense dusty environment

A

Dust Particles

51
Q

A complex network of fibrillar elements that forms the structural framework’ or skeleton of the cell.

A

CYTOSKELETON

52
Q

3 types of fibrillar elements classified to diameter

A
  • MICROFILAMENTS
  • INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
  • MICROTUBULES
53
Q
  • present in all cells
  • a lot in peripheral area to provide internal cellular support
  • actin makes up 10-15% of total cellular protein
A

MICROFILAMENTS

54
Q
  • Not exclusively seen in cytoplasm
    Some are present in the nucleus
  • ## has 5 major types
A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

55
Q

Major types (Cytoplasm) INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

A 
Keratin
Desmin (skeleton)
Vimentin
Neurofilament
Glial filament (glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFA)
56
Q

a type of intermediate filament

  • in epithelial cells
  • Protects cells from mechanical and oher stresses
A

Keratin

57
Q

a type of intermediate filament

  • found in muscle
  • man in smooth muscles
  • maintain cell archi and structure
A

desmin (skeleton)

58
Q 
a type of intermediate filament
- in mesenchyme derived cells 
- scattered all over cytoplasm
- help maintain cell shape 
-
A

vimetin

59
Q

a type of intermediate filament

  • in nerve cells
  • cell body and process of neurons
  • parelle to axis
A

neurofilament

60
Q

a type of intermediate filament

  • in neuroglial cells
  • facilitates internal support
A

glial filament

61
Q

the thickest among the three
- Hollow pipes assembled/ disassembled in the centrosome
- 13 tubulin molecules.
- In the cytoplasm = support of the cell
Embedded in organelles = movement
Comprises the centrioles, mitotic spindles, cilia of ciliated cells and flagellum of sperm cells

A

MICROTUBULES

62
Q
  • largest structure
  • in all cells except rbs
  • round
  • nucleated,
  • nucleus data bank
  • Site for RNA production needed for the protein synthesis which cytoplasmically occur
    rRNA (ribosomal)
    mRNA (messenger)
    tRNA (transfer)
A

NUCLEUS

63
Q

nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane)

  • 2 unit membranes (outer and inner nuclear
  • fluid filled
  • nuclear pores are round opening 100 pores
A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

64
Q

A fibril protein layer is associated with the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane
-Serves as mechanical support of nucleus
Stabilizes nuclear pores

A

Fibrous Lamina

65
Q
  • made of nucleoplasm/ nuclear sap
  • Chromosomes are embedded here
  • chromosomes are referred to as chromatin/ chromatin materials (INTERPHASE)
    Nucleolus is usu
A

NUCLEAR MATRIX

66
Q
  • Nucleus of all human cells contain 46 chromosomes (
  • 23/46 is inherited from the moth, half from father
  • Numbered according to length 1-22

-Female sex chromosomes are homologous, male are not

A

CHROMATIN

67
Q

Chromatin forms granules or clumps
- takes up stains

  • darker
    • not all produce RNA
A

Heterochromatin

68
Q 
Areas that do not take up stains
Made up of portions of chromosomes which are 
- no stains 
- lighter color 
- mrna and trna made here
A

Euchromatin

69
Q

All DNA molecules in the human cell

A

HUMAN GENOME

70
Q

-DNA in chromosomes
Larger than mitochondrial genome
Largely referred to human genome
Database of coding sequences for all protein and nucleic acid

A

Chromosomal genome

71
Q

DNA in mitochondria
Contains coding sequences for proteins and enzymes it needs and for replication
- 5% encode for genes.

A

Mitochondrial genome

72
Q
  • Only seen at interphase
  • Only 1 nucleolus in nucleus
  • ## Absent in cells that do not synthesize proteins or may synthesize small proteins
A

NUCLEOLUS

73
Q

Site of ribosomal subunit synthesis

A
  • Nucleolar organizing region
  • Pars fibrosa
  • Pars Granulosa
74
Q

NOR – circular pale are surrounded by electron-dense filament
- Site of gathering of chromosomes which have NOR

  • Refers to gene coding for rRNA
A

Nucleolar organizing region

75
Q

Electron-dense area surrounding NOR

Consists of rRNA from NOR

A

Pars fibrosa

76
Q

Granular area surrounding Pars fibrosa

The rRNA from pars fibrosa will get linked to proteins

A

Pars Granulosa

77
Q

One of the most important activities of a cell is the production or synthesis of proteins.
- protein is essential to cells
- catalyze biochemical reactions and hormones and hormone-like substances
-

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

PROTEIN = POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS LINKED VIA PEPTIDE BONDS

78
Q

where is the amino acid code sequence produced

A

nucleus

79
Q

Amino acid into polypeptide chain happens in the

A

cytoplasm

80
Q

Diffusion, ion channels, carrier transport and active pump transports =

  • bigger molecules transported via bulk transport
A

CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

81
Q

Liquid substances are passing through the membrane

A

MICROPINOCYTOSIS

82
Q

Solid substances are passing through the membrane

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

83
Q

chemical

Engulf microscopic or small amount of liquid

A

MICROPINOCYTOSIS

84
Q

Engulf large amount of liquid

A

MACROPINOCYTOSIS

85
Q

Entry of molecule into the cell

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

86
Q

Exit of molecule out of the cell

Most materials transported out of the cell ar

A

EXOCYTOSIS

87
Q

First accumulates in cell apex then later released simultaneously in response to stimulus

A

REGULATED SECRETION

88
Q

The secretory granules are released immediately after they leave the golgi complex

A

CONSTITUTIVE SECRETION

Module 1 Amino acids and Peptides (4 decks)

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