Holy Wars- Week 5

Question 1

Milites Sancti Petri

Answer 1

These were supporters of Gregory VII who were encouraged to fight against Henry IV. Gregory VII promised those called Milites Sancti Petri they would receive absolution of all your sins and blessing and grace in this world and the next.

Question 2

Markward of Anweiler

Answer 2

He was a Saladin who challenged the papally supported regents in the Kingdom of Sicily. Innocent III argued that Markward threatened the Papal States and the new Jerusalem crusade.

Question 3

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen

Answer 3

He was part of a group that excited particularly fevered papal excoriation as enemies of the church. He was considered a ‘limb of the devil, minister of Satan and calamitous harbinger of the Anti-Christ’.

Question 4

Henry of Segusio

Answer 4

He was a canonist and crusade preacher who identified seven types of just war, arguing for the priority of crusading with Christendom over the overseas crusades. He condoned papal crusades against Hohenstaufen which drew on the older legal criteria for just war against heretics.

Question 5

Heresy

Answer 5

Defined as false beliefs and disobedience to the authority of the Church, provided an established justification for the use of physical force. It moved towards greater definition in theology and canon law inevitability placed uniformity at a premium making doctrine or ritual more obvious and more dangerous.

Question 6

Perfecti and Perfectae

Answer 6

Perfecti means good men and they acted as preachers, delivering consolamentum, and leading exemplary lives avoiding meat and sexual intercourse. Perfectae is someone who received a sacramental rite in which the believer received the Holy Spirit and absolution of sin.

Question 7

Peter of Castelnau

Answer 7

He was a papal legate who was assassinated in January 1208 near St Gilles on the Rhone by an employee of Raymond VI. This provided Innocent with the opportunity to launch a full crusade in the cause of faith and peace.

Question 8

Sack of Beziers

Answer 8

22nd July 1209 set the tone for the crusade when the Sack of Beziers and the massacre of its inhabitants occurred regardless of sex, rank or age. Previous failures of direct evangelism had persuaded crusade planners that eradication of heresy depended on the removal of complaisant or complicit local rulers and their substitution by energetic promoters of Catholic Orthodoxy

Question 9

Treaty of Paris 1229

Answer 9

The was when Raymond VII submitted to Capetian terms at the end of the Albiegensian crusades. Raymond VII agreed to reduced lands and the prospect of their absorption after his death into Capetian lordship. He also agreed to assist in the suppression of Heresy.

Question 10

Bishop Despenser’s Crusade

Answer 10

He campaigned in Flanders in 1383. He milked the traditional symbolism in a dramatic performance when he assumed the cross at a ceremony in December 1382. The crusade provided incentives, not least financial, it offered the English government a cheap French campaign.

Question 11

Hussites

Answer 11

They were from bohemia and they combined organised religious radicalism with the political cause of anti-German Czech nationalism. They combined vernacular texts, distinct liturgies, Bible-based theology, and a rejection of traditional ecclesiastical authority.

Question 12

Bonizo of Sutri

Answer 12

: He was a canonist and exegetes who interpreted the combats of the 1070s and 1080s in ways which proved invaluable to 12th C churchmen when they considered the right of the church to wage war.

Question 13

Pleichfeld according to Bernold of Sankt Blasien

Answer 13

he wrote a passage about how the fideles sancti Petri placed their trust in God’s mercy and St Peter’s righteousness, in the holy cross rather than in the arms which they carried. There were prayers before the battle, and in it only a few fideles dies, while thousands of the schismatics were killed.

Question 14

Paschal II’s letter to Robert of Flanders

Answer 14

Written in 1103 Paschal II appealed to Robert of Flanders to send soldiers against the people of Liege. He argued that there could be no worthier sacrifice to God than to attack those who defied him and his church

Question 15

Militias, communitates patriae parrochiarum

Answer 15

The bishops set up communities of people in France, so that the priests might accompany the king to battle or siege, carrying banner and leading all their parishioners. They were present of the Le Puiset in 1111 and the capture of which was see as God’s work.

Question 16

Bishop Henry on Battle of Nocera

Answer 16

He wrote about when he saw Count Roger attack the Papal Army, that he talked with his men imposing on them that they should defend themselves for the honour of St Peter. They should not fight for money or booty but in defence of the Church and of their shared freedom. In this way they should be absolved of their sins which they had confessed

Question 17

Peter the Venerable

Answer 17

He was the author of a justification for directing Christian arms against other Christians instead of against pagans. He had taken part in the Council of Pisa in 1135 and was avant-garde of clerical thinking about sacred violence.

Question 18

The Routiers

Answer 18

They were a band of mercenary soldiers who were beginning to trouble the south of France. The routiers could be employed but those who employed them would be punished if they were to attack those fighting for Christian arms.

Question 19

Negotium Pacis et Fidei

Answer 19

This was the aim of churchmen to expel mercenary bands which could be achieved by the submission or expropriation of the feudal lords who hired the mercenaries and sheltered the Cathar perfecti.

Question 20

Lay rulers in canon 3 of 4th Lateran Council

Answer 20

Laid down definitive guidelines for the suppression of heresy. Those who sheltered heretics were to be excommunicated and after a year, were declared imfamis, a status accompanied by severe legal consequences. Those who answered the papal call to arms would gain the crusade indulgence.

Question 21

1217 English Civil War

Answer 21

A War between King John and Pope Innocent III, who was under pressure by the English ecclesiastics to encourage a crusade against King John. In 1217 men who had taken the cross to go on the Fifth crusade fought in the armies of young Henry III and bestowed on them the aura of Holy War