Holds, IAPs, DP Flashcards
MSA
Emergency altitudes which guarantee 1000’ clearance from highest obstacle in given sector usually out to 25nm.
Does not guarantee navigational or communication reception
What is the maximum speed of a procedure turn
200 IAS
What are the maximum holding speeds
0 - 6000 = 200IAS
6001 - 14,000 = 230IAS
14,001 - + = 265IAS
Over Airforce field = 310IAS
Over Navy field = 230IAS
What is the standards for a hold
- Right turns are standard
- 14,000 MSL and below: 1 minute legs (total of 4)
- 14,001 MSL and above: 1.5 minute legs (total of 6)
- Timing for outbound leg begins over/abeam the fix, whichever occurs later.
- If unable to determine, timing starts when wings level.
- The outbound leg should be dictated in order to achieve the standard inbound leg.
- These dimensions and spacing are established to establish protected airspace.
Smallest bank angle out of these three options
- 3°/sec
- 30° bank (if 3°/sec results in a bank angle larger than 30°)
- 25° bank if using a Flight Director for navigation (and if 3°/sec results in a bank angle larger than 25°)
When are holds issued?
Whenever a delay is expected.
The clearance to hold must include:
1. Full hold instructions (unless depicted)
2. An EFC and
3. Estimate of additional delay
What instructions must holds include?
- Side of hold in cardinal direction
- Hold fix
- The radial, course, airway, or route on which to hold
- Length of legs
- Direction of turns if non-standard
- EFC time
Wind correction angle
- Calculate wind correction angle inbound
- Triple it for the outbound leg
Wind correction is not made during the turns, hence the large correction during the outbound leg
Five T’s when arriving at a holding fix
Turn - desired entry
Time - note when arriving over fix
Twist - OBS for inbound course
Throttle - adjust for holding speed
Talk - advise ATC of time and altitude when reached the holding fix
“<ATC> <call> over ABC 8,000' at 1320 zulu"
*6th T can be "Think ahead"</call></ATC>
Standard entries for holds
Suggested entries to create the simplest entry with least amount of turns and shallowest turning angles
1. Direct
2. Parallel
3. Teardrop
How to calculate entry based on heading
- Determine outbound heading
- Standard or non-standard hold?
If standard
- 3. Add 110 to the outbound heading = this will result in the headings for a parallel entry
- 4. The last heading + 180 = the headings for direct
- 5. The last heading to the outbound heading = the headings for a teardrop entry
If non-standard
- 3. Add 70 to the outbound heading = the headings for the teardrop entry
- 4. Add 180 to the last heading = the headings for direct entry
- 5. The last heading to the outbound heading = the parallel entry headings
Which entry do you chose when you are in between the lines of two different entrys?
There is a hierarchy of choice
1. Direct
2. Teardrop
3. Parallel
What should you do if you execute the missed approach before the DA or MAP?
Continue on course at or above the DA/MDA and do not make any turns until reaching the MAP
Aircraft categories for approach plates are based on what speed?
Approach REF speed or
1.3x Vso in landing config at max landing weight
What are the aircraft category speeds?
Cat A - 90kts or less
Cat B - 91kts to 120kts
Cat C - 121kts to 140
Cat D - 141kts to 165kts
Cat E - 166kts or more
What does the RVR represent on a IAP?
The horizontal distance a pilot should see when looking down the runway from a moving aircraft
RVR values
1,600 = 1/4
2,400 = 1/2
3,200 = 5/8
4,000 = 3/4
4,500 = 7/8
5,000 = 1
6,000 = 1 1/4
Standard procedure turn / hold in lieu safety distance
10 nm outbound
What is the maximum acceptable descent rate on an IAP?
1000 FPM
What does LPV mean?
Localizer performance with vertical guidance
which includes approaches that can be flown using WAAS GPS
Aircraft that can fly these must have a statement in the AFM stating that it is capable of flying LPV approaches and is WAAS equipped
ODP procedures allow obstacle clearance without turns for
400 feet above the DER assuming the standard 200FPNM climb starting at 35 feet above the DER
- If non-standard FPNM is required, it will be stated and is required to meet
Why must you execute the missed on a GPS approach when the approach mode disappears within 2nm of the FAWP?
Because when the approach mode switches to active, the sensitivity of the RAIM becomes tighter, going from +/-1nm to +/-0.3nm. The system is designed to “ramp down” in lateral guidance as you approach the runway.
What do the minimum numbers on an IAP in parenthesis indicate?
They tell you what reported weather allows a fully qualified and proficient pilot a realistic chance of successfully completing the approach and landing.
They are NOT meant for military pilot use only. This note just reminds us that as civil pilots, we are not PREVENTED from attempting the approach by the weather minimums stated in the parenthesis, military pilots might be, depending on what regulations they are operating under. Civil pilots are just not bound by these numbers, but that does not mean they do not depict valuable information from the approach designer to the pilot.
