Holding Procedures Flashcards
You are in a protected airspace, your airspeed should be at?
310 KIAS
You are at 7,000 feet and you are entering a hold. Your airspeed should be at?
230 KIAS
“GZKA is cleared to hold north west of the YWG VOR, on the 332 radial, left turns, expect further clerance 1822.” The aircraft’s present heading is 10°. Upon reaching the fix, what heading you would turn to make an offset entry?
2°
(332° + 30°)
You’ve been assigned holding by ATC, and you’re flying faster than the maximum holding speed. When should you start reducing your speed?
3 minutes or less from the holding fix
The AIM recommends pilots to reduce speed when 3 minutes or less from the holding fix. You should initially cross the holding fix at or below the maximum holding airspeed.
A westbound flight to Ottawa on T614, a plane is cleared to the KANUR intersection. It reaches this intersection before obtaining further clearance. What would the pilot do if communication cannot be established with ATC?
The pilot is to hold at KANUR on an inbound track of 272° and request further clearance.
What is recommended for timing your turn after station passage for best results?
Approximately 3 seconds to lapse after station passage before turning outbound for optimal accuracy.
With a crosswind in a hold, if you adjust your angle of bank, you can use ____ correction on the outbound leg as on the inbound leg.
The same
With a headwind on the inbound leg, you would ____ the outbound leg.
Shorten
You are at 4,000 feet and you are entering a hold. Your airspeed should be at?
200 KIAS
“GPTO is cleared to hold north west of the YWG VOR, on the 332 radial, left turns, expect further clerance 1822.” The aircraft’s present heading is 10°.
What entry would you make into this hold?
Offset/Teardrop Entry
How should you adjust your holding pattern for wind correction?
Adjust your heading on the inbound and outbound legs to counteract wind drift, ensuring proper alignment with the fix.
“GZYI is cleared to hold west of the beacon on 270 radial, maintain 6,000. Expect further clearance at 1615Z.”
What will be the inbound track of this hold?
90°
What is the recommended maximum speed in a holding pattern above 14,000 ft?
265 kts
What should you do if you are unable to comply with a holding clearance?
Inform ATC immediately and request an alternative clearance.
If the position abeam the holding fix cannot be determined, when should you commence timing?
When the wings are level after turning outbound.
FSNV is cleared to an intersection. It reaches this intersection befopre obtaining further clearance. What should you do?
Hold at the cleared intersection on the inbound track and request further clearance.
How long will it take to complete a one minute holding pattern if flown perfectly in no wind conditions?
4 minutes
(1 min outbound + 1 min inbound + 2 x 1 min standard rate turns)
A pilot reaches a clearance limit before obtaining further clearance from ATC. If communication cannot be established with ATC, what should the pilot do?
Proceed in accordance with communication failure procedures.
Involves right turns joined by straight legs forming a “race track” pattern
Standard holding pattern
What determines the method of your hold entries?
Your position relative to the fix, the inbound leg, and the direction of the hold
How do you decide if a direct entry is appropriate for a holding pattern?
If the aircraft is within 90° of the holding course on either side. It means the aircraft can turn directly onto the holding pattern’s inbound course.
You are in a non-standard hold at a VOR. With the OBS properly set, what needle indication should you have on the outbound leg?
Deflected fully to the right.
It is a holding pattern which the fix end and outbound end turns are to the left and/or the planned time along the inbound track is other than the standard time for the altitude flown
Non-standard hold
When holding at a GPS waypoint, when should you start the outbound turn?
Start the outbound turn shortly after the distance reads the closest it got to “0.00” on the GPS display.
When do you need to advise ATC when you are “entering the hold”?
When crossing the fix to enter a holding pattern
When to start your time for a VOR hold as opposed to intersection hold?
As soon as the flag changes or the wings are level after completing the outbound turn for VOR hold and once the wings are level on the outbound course for intersection hold
VOR = AFTER completing the outbound turn
Intersection hold = ON the outbound course
How is DME hold different from other holds?
Distance (NM) is used in lieu of time.
During entry and holding, pilots manually flying the aircraft are expected to make a rate of turn of:
3° per second
This is the lowest altitude prescribed for a holding pattern which assures navigational signal coverage, communications and meets obstacle clearance requirements.
MHA or Minimum Holding Altitude
What should be the inbound timing for a hold at 10,000 feet?
1 minute (at or below 14,000 feet)
A holding clearance issued by ATC includes at least:
(a) a clearance to the holding fix;
(b) the direction to hold from the holding fix
(c) a specified radial, course, or inbound track
(d) if DME is used, the DME distances at which the fix end and outbound end turns are to be commenced
You are in a standard hold at a VOR. With the OBS properly set, what needle indication should you have on the outbound leg?
Deflected fully to the left.
“GCQE is cleared to hold north west of the YWG VOR, on the 332 radial, left turns, expect further clearance 1822.”
What is the outbound course of this hold?
332°
TRUE OR FALSE: A holding clearance issued by ATC includes the attitude to be maintained.
FALSE: It’s the altitude or flight level
TRUE OR FALSE: Unless the ATC clearance contains instructions to the contrary or a non-standard holding pattern is published at the holding fix, pilots shall make all turns to the left after initial entry into the holding pattern.
FALSE. All turns to the right
Identify the following hod entry.
Upon reaching the fix, turn on to the outbound heading of the holding pattern for a period of time. Then turn left to intercept the inbount track. On the second arrival over the fix, turn right and follow the holding pattern.
Parallel Entry
When is a teardrop or offset entry used in a holding pattern?
When the aircraft is more than 180° away from the inbound holding course but less than 270°, allowing a 30° turn to intercept the holding pattern.
It is the average bank angle when making all turns during entry and holding
At least 25° or a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank
When should the outbound timing begin if established in a holding pattern at a VOR?
Abeam the fix
When should the outbound timing begin if established in a holding pattern at a VOR?
Abeam the fix
TRUE OR FALSE: ATC might specify that you are supposed to cross the fix at a specific altitude.
TRUE
You are inbound to the Winnipeg VORTAC on the 280° radial with a heading of 100°. What type of entry you would make if you are cleared to hold southeast of Winnipeg on the 160° radial, right turns, one minute legs? State the heading and direction of turn crossing Winnipeg VOR.
Offset/Teardrop entry; Right turn to 130°
It is a flight procedure in which an aircraft orbits over a fixed point to provide separation to arriving and departing aircraft
A holding pattern
What should you do if you reach a clearance limit before receiving further clearance from ATC and there is a published holding pattern at the clearance limit?
The pilot should enter and hold in the published holding pattern as specified until further clearance is received from ATC.
You are inbound to the Winnipeg VORTAC on the 180 degree radial with a heading of 000 degrees. What type of entry you would make if you are cleared to hold northwest of Winnipeg on the 340 degree radial, right turns, one minute legs? State the heading and direction of turn crossing Winnipeg VOR.
Parallel Entry;
Left turn to 340°
What is the standard holding pattern if no specific pattern is published at the clearance limit?
A standard holding pattern consists of right-hand turns, with 1-minute legs (1.5 minutes if above 14,000 feet MSL) on the inbound track to the clearance limit.
What should be the inbound timing for a hold at 6,000 feet?
1.5 minute
A manoeuvre involving a descent or climb in a pattern resembling a holding pattern. Generally prescribed on instrument procredures located in mountainous areas.
Shuttle Procedures
When should you start the outbound leg when holding at an NDB?
Start the outbound leg immediately after station passage, as indicated by the ADF needle swinging through 180°.
When should a parallel entry be used in a holding pattern?
Use a parallel entry when the aircraft is flying parallel to the holding course but on the opposite side, typically within 90° to 180° from the inbound course.
Airspance protection for turbulent air holding is based on a maximum of?
280 KIAS
When established in standard holding patern below 14,000’ ASL, all turns will be to…
The right
Upon reaching the fix, turn onto the outbound heading of the holding pattern for the appropriate period of time. Turn left to intercept the inbound track or return to the fix direct.
Parallel holding entry
Upon reaching the fix, to a heading that results in a track having an angle of 30º or less from the inbound track reciprocal on the holding side. Next, continue for the appropriate period of time, then turn right to intercept the inbound track.
Offset holding entry
Upon reaching the fix, turn right and follow the holding pattern.
Standard direct holding entry
When crossing the fix to enter a holding pattern, the appropriate ATC unit shall be advised:
“Entering the hold”
Routing:
V308 - YSO - (V37-216) - CYYZ (Toronto Lestor B. Pearson)
Your current position is 29 DME to the east of the YSO VOR on the V308.
ATC gives you the following clearance: “FVJC, CLEARED TO THE YSO VOR. HOLD AS PUBLISHED”.
Your course of action would be?
Reference: LO 6
Proceed direct to the YSO VOR. Hold inbound on the 047º radial, making all turns to the right when established.
ATC issues the following clearance:
“FVJC cleared to the QX NDB. Hold south, inbound on the 360 degree track.” What is the entry procedure if the BFS is 180?
BFS = Bearing from the station
Direct procedure
ATC issues the following clearance:
“FVJC cleared to the QX NDB. Hold south, inbound on the 315 degree track.” What is the entry procedure if the BFS is 135?
BFS = Bearing from the station
Direct procedure
ATC issues the following clearance:
“FVJC cleared to the QX NDB. Hold east, inbound on the 270 degree track.” What is the entry procedure if the BTS is 100?
BTS = Bearing to the station
Parallel procedure
ATC issues the following clearance:
“FVJC cleared to the QX NDB. Hold west, inbound on the 090 degree track.” What is the entry procedure if the BTS is 090?
BTS = Bearing to the station
Direct procedure
A shuttle procedure is normally prescribed in the approach phase where a descent of?
2,000’ or more is required during the initial or intermediate approach segments
Publications that can be consulted for any changes in maximum holding speeds
Aeronautical Information Manual and NOTAM.
You receive this ATC clearance:
'’…HOLD NORTH OF THE ABC VORTAC ON THE THREE SIX ZERO RADIAL…’’
What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?
Refer to figure 113
You receive this ATC clearance:
'’…HOLD EAST OF THE ABC VORTAC ON THE ZERO NINER ZERO RADIAL, LEFT TURNS…’’
What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?
Refer to figure 113
A pilot receives this ATC clearance:
'’…CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. HOLD WEST ON THE TWO SEVEN ZERO RADIAL…’’
What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?
Refer to figure 114
You receive this ATC clearance:
'’…CLEARED TO THE XYZ NDB. HOLD NORTHEAST ON THE TWO TWO ZERO DEGREE TRACK. LEFT TURNS…’’
What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?
Refer to figure 117
Direct entry
From the Instruments we have
Relative Bearing: 110
BTS = 55 + 110 = 165
So BFS = 165 + 180 = 345
While planning an RNAV Z 13 approach in Winnipeg International Airport, ATC issues holding instructions: “FVJC, due to runway inspection in progress, cleared to hold over VOGIG at 3000 feet, inbound track 135, expert further clearance at 14:20Z”. After passing KEPGA, you would make ____________ entry into the holding pattern.
A direct
After some holding over VOGIG, you were cleared for the RNAV Z 13 approach in Winnipeg International Airport. While on 2 mile final, Tower informs you that the runway is closed and gives you instructions to overshoot. You proceed to MUSIB and join the holding pattern by:
either Parallel or Offset
You are approaching Winnipeg International Airport from the west and planning to do RNAV Z 36 approach, ATC informs you that snow removal is in progress on the runway and offers you a holding: “FVJC, cleared to hold west of BOTUR at 3000 feet, inbound track 095, left-hand turns, expect further clearance in 15 minutes”. When tracking 140, you would enter the hold:
Direct
When proceeding to Thunder Bay on V36, you notice that the weather is below the approach ban. You request holding instructions from ATC to wait until the weather improves. ATC clears you to proceed to REVUB and hold as published. Having entered this waypoint into the GPS, DTK shows 350 and as you approach the waypoint the GPS will prompt to make ________ entry.
Reference: LO Chart
Offset
Next to Thunder Bay see airway track 049. The opposite track is the holding pattern inbound track 049 + 180 = 229
When approaching Ottawa International Airport from the east on T614, before KANUR, ATC informs you of a thunderstorm cell approaching Ottawa moving NW 25 knots. You decide to hold for 30 minutes to let the weather pass and receive the following holding instructions from ATC: “FLRS, proceed to THURO and hold as published at 8000 feet”. When inbound THURO your GPS shows track 040. What is the holding entry procedure?
Reference: Ottawa Terminal Area Chart
Offset
After experiencing an unstable approach, you decide to overshoot. The correct procedure is to climb to 3000 feet, direct to “OW” NDB and enter the hold by ____________ entry.
Direct
