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Statistics Of Case Studies > Holderness Coast - Landforms > Flashcards

Holderness Coast - Landforms Flashcards

1
Q

What sediment cell is it

A

Sub-cell of sediment cell 2

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2
Q

Where is there erosion

A

Of weak and unconsolidated till cliffs

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3
Q

Where does the sediment go

A

Some is deposited to form spurn head while a significant amount goes towards the Wash and East Anglia

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4
Q

What are the three distinct coastal units

A

Flamborough Head in the north
Bridlington Bay to Spurn Head
Spurn Head

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5
Q

What is Flamborough Head

A

A chalk promontory that exhibits many typical landforms associated with coastal erosion

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6
Q

What is Bridlington Bay to Spurn Head

A

An extensive zone of erosion and sediment transfer characterised by a very rapid rate of cliff retreat

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7
Q

What is Spurn Head

A

A classic spit formed at the estuary of the river Humber

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8
Q

What is the main input

A

Erosion of the weak and unconsolidated till cliffs.

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9
Q

Where is some of the finer cliff sediment deposited

A

Offshore to form an output from the system while the coarser material is moved southwards as a transfer involving longshore drift

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10
Q

What is the Holderness Coastal system

A 
NE Wind (long fetch) 
Most of the eroded material is carried out to sea.
Rest of the material is carried south by longshore drift.
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11
Q

What is an important factor in affecting the processes and landforms

A

Geology
Wind
Engineering

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12
Q

What is the Geology of the Holderness Coast

A

Chalk, a relatively resistant rock, forms a broad arc in the region. The eastern edge of the hall outcrop formed the preglacial coastline.

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13
Q

What is the great sweep of the coastal zone a result of

A

Sediment carries and dumped by ice sheets originating from Scandinavia

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14
Q

What formed the present-day cliffs

A

As sea levels rose at the end of the last glacial period, the North Sea took shape and started to erode the thick till deposits to help form the cliffs

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15
Q

What drives powerful waves towards the coast

A

The wind blowing from the north-east (the direction of greatest fetch)

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16
Q

What can create storm surges several metres high

A

Occassionally, areas of extremely low pressure move down the North Sea, funnelling water and creating storm surges. These low-frequency, high-magnitude events can lead to significant erosion and flooding

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17
Q

Example of a storm surge

A

In 1953 more than 300 people lost their lives along the east coast of England during one

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18
Q

Why does longshore drift operate from north to south

A

As a result of the north east waves

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19
Q

What was the response to the rapid rate of erosion and the threat to settlement and infrastructure

A

Parts of the coastline have been protected with hard-engineering structure such as sea walls, rock armour and groynes

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20
Q

Where have the engineering strategies helped

A

Hornsea and Mappleton but they have deprived areas further down of sediment, thereby increasing coastal erosion

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21
Q

What does the lack of a beach render cliffs more vulnerable to

A

Undercutting and collapse

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22
Q

Where do the hard engineering strategies disadvantage

A

Skipsea, where rates of erosion are 2 metres a year

23
Q

Where is Flamborough Head

A

Hurting into the North Sea from the east coast of England

24
Q

What is the geology of Flamborough head

A

Chalk, a resistant, sedimentary rock

25
Q

What are the characteristics of the chalk that forms Flamborough head

A

White.
Layers of chalk are horizontal with vertical cracks (joints).
In some places while sections of chalk have been displaced along faults.
Joints and faults are weaknesses in the chalk.

26
Q

How are joints and faults weaknesses in chalk

A

They are readily exploited by the processes of weathering and erosion to form narrow clefts in the coastline

27
Q

What formed Selwick Bay (on Flamborough head)

A

A faultline was exploited

28
Q

What leads to frequent rock fall on Flamborough Head

A

Sea is actively eroding and undercutting the base of the cliffs

29
Q

What is the high tide line shown by

A

Dark staining at the foot of the cliffs

30
Q

What landforms are on Flamborough Head

A

Selwicks Bay

Wave-cut platforms and stacks

31
Q

What happens when waves approach Flamborough head

A

They are bent or refracted by the shape of the coast

32
Q

What results in a deposited beach

A

Refracted waves that curve and have low energy in the Bay

33
Q

Why are headlands often characterised by steep cliffs and other feature of coastal erosion

A

The more exposed headlands bear the full force of the incoming waves

34
Q

What factors account for the rapid rate of erosion of the Holderness Coast

A

Long fetch and powerful waves from the North-East.
Weak and unconsolidated till cliffs.
Extensive mass movement, especially slumping, caused by undercutting and saturation of clay within the cliffs.
Narrow beach making the cliffs vulnerable to wave attack and undercutting.
Lack of coastal defences.

35
Q

What had the stretch of coast from Bridlington Bay to Spurn head retreated by since Roman times

A

Up to 5km

36
Q

What does the erosion of the stretch of coast from Bridlington Bay to Spurn head account for the loss of

A

Several settlements and ports of erosion

37
Q

What are the rates of erosion in the Holderness Coast

A

Excess of 1m per year (and up to 10m per year in places). The most rapid rates of erosion in Europe

38
Q

What does erosion generate

A

A vast amaount of sediment that feeds the sediment cell

39
Q

What is a negative feedback system in the the stretch of coast from Bridlington Bay to Spurn head

A

Erosion. A great deal of sediment is transferred by longshore drift to the south, building up beaches and reducing erosion

40
Q

What does Spurn Head protect

A

The towns and land bordering the River Humber from the effects of storm waves and flooding

41
Q

What is the Wash

A

Fuether south than Bridlington Bay it is an important sediment sink

42
Q

What does the Wash protect

A

Towns such as Kings Lynn

43
Q

Where does some sediment from the Holderness end up

A

On the coast of the Netherlands, this helps protect it from flooding

44
Q

What is the massive planning conundrum because of Bridlington Bay to Spurn Head

A

Should erosion be halted to protect a few houses and agricultural land or should it be allowed to continue because it is a vital source of sediment (the Netherlands)

45
Q

What does Spurn Head represent

A

A temporary sediment store or sink

46
Q

How is spurn head created

A

Sediment transferred south by longshore drift.
Once it reaches the River Humber estuary, the deposited sediment grows out to form a narrow finger of new land. It’s curved tip results form the direct wave action.

47
Q

Characteristics of spurn head

A

Extremely narrow for much of its length.
First formed 8000 years ago at the end of the last glacial period.
It goes through a number of cycles of growth and decline, lasting on average about 250 years.

48
Q

Why is Spurn Head classified as a temporary store

A

It has frequently been breached and destroyed by major storms

49
Q

What happened to Spurn Head in 1849

A

Following a massive beach, groynes and recentmenrs were placed to stabilise the spit

50
Q

What happened to Spurn Head after 1849

A

Military forces established so royal engineers took over the task of maintaining coastal defences

51
Q

What happened to Spurn Head in 1950

A

The military left

52
Q

What happened to Spurn Head in 1960

A

Spit was bought by the Yorkshire Naturalists Trust. They couldn’t afford all the maintenance so some were left to fall into disrepair

53
Q

What happened to Spurn Head in 2013

A

Largest tidal surge hit it in 60 years. Defences couldn’t cope - buildings and access to roads were swept away

Statistics Of Case Studies (12 decks)

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