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ENT - HEAD/NECK > HN > Flashcards

HN Flashcards

1
Q

allergic rhinitis?

A

nose block due to allergies

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2
Q

pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis?

A

first exposed: IgE created and sit on mast cells and so next time exposed to pollen body reacts violently- where mast cells release histamine and allergic symptoms arise

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3
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergic rhinitis?

A

type 1

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4
Q

affect of histamine on body?

A

vasodilation, contraction, - sneezing - itchy eyes - lack of smell -runny nose - coughing etc

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5
Q

non-allergic rhinitis?

A

rhinitis not caused by allergens

e.g. -infection, drug-induced, hormone induced, oversensitive bv

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6
Q

immunotherapy of allergic rhinitis ?

A

cure to modify bodies response to allergens - gives tolerance - small amounts and gradually increase tolerance

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7
Q

how to classify allergic rhinitis

A

persistent or intermittent symptoms
AND
mild or moderate or severe symptoms

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8
Q

conductive hearing loss vs sensorineural hearing loss?

A

conductive - block in conduction of sound

sensorineural - sound is reaching nerve but nerve is weak and not picking it up

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9
Q

tympanometry?

A

probe into eardrum and see how well eardrum moves - measures pressure

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10
Q

otoacoustuc emissions?

A

checks part of inner ear response to sound -

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11
Q

auditory brainstem response?

A

determining child response and ability to hear

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12
Q

glue ear?

A

middle part of ear canal fills up with fluid - lead to hearing loss temporarily

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13
Q

feature of glue ear?

A

usually improves on self

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14
Q

auto inflation of ear?

A

helps drain fluid in ear - blowing up a balloon in one ear at time or swallowing with nose closed

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15
Q

different treatment for glue ear?

A

autoinflation
grommets
hearing aids

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16
Q

grommets?

A

small tube placed in ear to drain fluid and keep ear open -

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17
Q

otitis externa?

A

inflammation of external ear canal to outside - associated with discharge of pus etc

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18
Q

causes of otitis externa?

A

infection - bacterial, fungal etc
foreign body
earwax

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19
Q

otitis media v externa?

A

medi a- inner ear

externa - outer ear

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20
Q

acute otitis media ?
causes?
complication

A

area behind eardrum becomes inflamed and infected

caused by infection - allergies - flu virus

mastoiditis - pus enters area

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21
Q

chronic otitis media?

clinical feature

A

long term and ongoing inflammation response to middle ear - unresolved and resistant infection

no pain but discharge for over 12 weeks

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22
Q

cholesteatoma?

A

abnormal skin growth in middle ear - and sheds

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23
Q

sinusitis? symptoms

A

inflamed sinuses - caused by infection

blocked nose
sinus headache
tenderness around face

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24
Q

choanal atresia?

A

congenital condition in babies
where back of nasal passage is blocked
making it difficult to breath
unilateral or bilateral

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25
Q

epistaxis?

causes

A

nose bleed

 fragile bv breaks - nose picking 
foreign body 
drug induced - anti-coags(NSAIDS, ibuprofen) 
high bp 
trauma
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26
Q

HHT?

A

abnormality where blood vessels don’t form correctly

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27
Q

little area?

common for?

A

anastomoses of arteries that supply the nasals septum - on anterior side - most common site for nose bleeds

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28
Q

epistaxis management?

A

pinch soft part of nose or ice pack used
OR
nasal packing
cauterisation

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29
Q

nasal packing?

A

special nasal sponges or foam or balloon inserted into nose - to create pressure on site of bleed

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30
Q

cauterisation treatment for epistaxis?

A

involves applying chemical substance e.g. - silver nitrate or heat to SEAL blood vessel
under anaesthetic to numb nose

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31
Q

quinsy?

A

complication of tonsillitis - collection of pus in back of throat and back of tonsils - ABSCESS

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32
Q

Laryngomalacia?

A

congenital softening of the tissues of larynx - lead to noisy breathing

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33
Q

thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

fluid filled pocket - in front of neck - moves when swallows

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34
Q

FNA test?

A

fine needle aspiration - like a biopsy

syringe used to remove fluid from area wanting to test

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35
Q

sialogram?

A

inject contrast media - to see ducts and glands easily - uses X-rays

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36
Q

ct sees what?

A

more bony detail then soft tissue

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37
Q

what is used in PET scans?

A

FDG radioisotope - taken up differently by different structures - see if tumours

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38
Q

auricular haematoma?

A

due to direct trauma to anterior auricle of ear resulting in tearing of bv and haematoma forming

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39
Q

malignant otitis externa?
caused by?

treated by?

A

an infection that affects external ear canal and temporal bone
caused by pseudomonas bacteria

starts as otitis externa in ear that progresses into temporal bone

treated by antibiotics - suprafloxicin

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40
Q

acute suppartive otitis media?

A

painful infection in middle ear

build up of pus

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41
Q

tympanosclerosis ?

A

scarring of eardrum - it is injured (after surgery) - white patches seen

non serious unless HUGE

42
Q

chronic suppartive otitis media?

A

chronic inflammation of middle ear - with recurrent ear discharges - through perforated tympanic membrane - hole in eardrum

43
Q

complications of chronic otitis media?

A

infection spreads

meningitis
facial paralysis
facial abscesses

44
Q

perforation of tympanic membrane?

A

hole in eardrum - if ruptured it can cause hearing loss

45
Q

otosclerosis?

A

abnormal bone growth inside ear - the three bones fuse with surrounding bone and cannot move

46
Q

bells palsy?

A

weakness or lack of movement on one side of face

47
Q

how do you examine nose?

A

flexible or rigid endoscope

48
Q

spatial haematoma?

A

collection of blood in septum - between two nostrils

49
Q

common causes of sinusitis?

A

bacteria - pneumonia and influenza

50
Q

chronic sinusitis?

A

having following symptoms for atleast 12 weeks

nasal blockage
facial pain
sense of smell reduced

51
Q

nasal polyps?

can appear in what condition

A

soft small growth inside nose

churg-strauss syndrome

52
Q

Youngs procedure?

A

nasal surgical procedure to close nasal cavity by creating flaps - treatment for epistaxis

53
Q

angiofibroma?

A

benign non-cancerous tumour in nasal cavity

54
Q

embolisation of blood vessels means?

A

placing a small catheter in bv - that are supplying area - to clog this and deprive area of blood to shrink it - tumour for example - done before resection to Make it easier

55
Q

cochlea made up of?

how pressure wave moves through them

A 
3 canals wrapped around one another - 
scala;
vestibuli 
tympani
media

pressure wave flows up SV from stapes act and then down the ST and this pressure differential deflects BM of SM AND hair cells of CORTI

56
Q

Hearing mechanism of cochlea?

A

stapes moves in and out of oval window and creating this wave up and down SV AND ST
triggering the CORTI ;

cochlea contains spiral organ CORTI - receptor organ for hearing - consists of tiny hair cells that translate fluid vibration to electrical impulses that are carried to brain by nerves

57
Q

how are hair cells different in their sensitivity to frequency?

A

respond to higher freq nearer oval window

and lower freq. at top - apex

58
Q

tonotopic arrangement?

A

spatial arrangement of where sound of different frequencies processed

59
Q

weber test?

A

test of lateralisation between ears -

detects unilateral conductive or sensironeural loss
centre of forehead

positive results - if equal on both sides

60
Q

rinne test?

A

test that compares air conduction with bony conduction in one ear at a time

behind ear and infant

louder in air = normal or sensorineural loss

louder in bone = conductive hearing loss

61
Q

pure tone audiometry?

A

air conduction hearing test - can see what freq/tones person can hear - headphones and button is used

62
Q

tympanoemtry can detect what issues?

A

perforation of eardrum, ear wax, or stiffness

63
Q

hearing aid types?

A

open fit one
BAHA - bone anchored
cochlear implant

64
Q

vestibular system made up of? and where

A

utricle and saccule
in inner ear - vestibular labyrinth
are the vestibular system for balance
along with 3 semicircular canals

65
Q

semi-circular canals explain
structure
orientation

A

3 canals
each end in a space called ampullae - with hair cells here

ampullae contain Cristal which triggers vestibule-ocular reflex

each canal responds to different movement and direction - tell us where our head is at

each canal is 90 degrees to each other

66
Q

otolith organs?

A

found under the semicircular canals

utricle - detects horizontal movement
saccule - detect vertical movement

each contain macula - hair cells here

also have thin hair cells which have crystals embedded on them

they contain on their surfaces - crystals called otoliths

67
Q

otoliths detect what?

A

acceleration - lift, car etc

68
Q

fluid in semicircular canals called?

A

endolymph

69
Q

vestibule-cochlear reflex? explain

A

connections between vestibular system and muscles of eye to maintain gaze even if we move our head

70
Q

what systems contribute to maintain balance?

A

visual
vestibular - rotation
proprioception - pressure

71
Q

bppv?

pathophysiology
triggers

A

common cause of vertigo - feeling like spinning inside ur head

otolith gets lodged into POSTERIOR semicircular canal and causes disrupted signals sent to brain

changes in head position - sit up or bend down

72
Q

what is used to diagnose BPPV?

A

dix-hallpike manœuvre - move head down and up

73
Q

treatment for bppv?

A

emplay manœuvre

exercise carried out to help treat symptoms of bppv

lie down and position head in different ways to get crystal out of posterior canal

74
Q

vestibular neuritis? caused by?

symptoms?

A

inflammation of vestibular nerve - usually by virus

vertigo and dizziness

75
Q

labyrinthitis?
symptoms include?
causes?

A

inflammation of vestibular and cochlear -

vertigo plus hearing loss
bacteria causing usually

76
Q

menieres disease triad of symptoms?

A

vertigo
unilateral hearing loss
tinnitus

77
Q

pathophysiology of menieres disease?

A

overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph fluid in canal - so fluid accumulates and dilates canals causing deteriation

78
Q

vestibular migraine?

A

migraine where vertigo is experienced too

79
Q

sumatriptan treats what?

A

migraines

80
Q

allergic rhinitis when is it classed as persistent symptoms?

A

moe than 4 days/week & more than 4 consec. weeks

81
Q

mast cell degranulation response is?3

A

vasodilation
smooth muscle contraction
leukocyte release

82
Q

most common cause of epistaxis in paeds ?

A

trauma

83
Q

CENTOR SCORE FOR?

A

ASSESSING/scoring sore throat

84
Q

what does a thyroglossal cyst do?

A

moves up on protrusion of tongue

85
Q

microbe most associated with rhino sinusitis ?

A

strept. pneumoniae

86
Q

how to distinguish tonsillitis and peritonisllar abcess?

A

peritonsillar abcess - usually worse on one side and shifts

87
Q

bacterial rhinosinutitis three symptoms?

A

discoloured discharge
severe pain
fever
raised CRP

88
Q

trigeminal neuralgia?

A

facial pain

89
Q

most head and neck cancers are what type?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

90
Q

what is found on underside of tongue? 3

A

lingual frenulum
sublingual folds
duct opening of submandibular gland

91
Q

sensory of tongue by?

A

lingual nerve

92
Q

taste of tongue by? and what is it

A

chorda tympani - branch of facial nerve

93
Q

leukoplakia and erythroplakia?

A

leukoplakia - white patch

erythroplakia - red patch

94
Q

oral lichen plants?

A

white lacy patch sin mouth -

95
Q

candidiasis? cause?

can affect?2

A

fungal infection - by Candida albicans

can affect dentures and cause inflammation and thrush

96
Q

apthous ulcers?

A

sores that form on lining of mouth -

97
Q

xerostomia?

A

dry mouth - due to lack of saliva

98
Q

herpes labialis are? cause?

A

cold sore
reactivated herpes virus
causing ulcer crust lesion at junction of lip

99
Q

webers will localise to what side hearing loss?

A

localise to side unaffected

100
Q

employ manoeuvre does what?

A

treats BPPV

101
Q

ORDER FROM OUT TO IN

EAR MIDDLE PARTS?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

102
Q

what goes through optic foramen?

A

optic nerve

ophthalmicartery

ENT - HEAD/NECK (5 decks)

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