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ENT - HEAD/NECK > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

skull bone os made up of?

A

2 layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone

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2
Q

diploe?

A

spongy bone separating compact bone

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3
Q

3 sutures of cranium?

and what each separate?

A

coronal cuture - separates frontal bone from 2 L/R parietal
sagittal cuture - separates 2 L and R parietal bones
lambdoid suture - separates occipital bone from L/R parietal bone

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4
Q

condyle?

A

rounded protuberance at end of same bones

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5
Q

lacrimal bone where?

A

anterior part of orbit of eye

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6
Q

occipital protuberance?

A

midline body prominence at back of head

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7
Q

cranial fossea parts?

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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8
Q

sphenoid bone part of what cranial fossa?

A

part of middle cranial fossa

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9
Q

pituitary fossa part of what bone? what sits here

A

sphenoid bone

pit gland sits here

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10
Q

air sinuses do what?

A

decrease weight of skull

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11
Q

air sinuses do what? open into what?

A

decrease weight of skull - open into nasal cavity and open into it

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12
Q

where is foramen magnum in which cranial fossa?

A

in posterior cranial fossa

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13
Q

zygomatic arch?
formed how?
how joined?

A

formed by zygomatic process of temporal bone POSTERIORALLY and temporal process of zygomatic bone ANTERIORALLY
oblique suture to join them

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14
Q

layers of scalp?

A

SKIN
CONNECTIVE TISSUE -
APNONEUROSIS - epicranial - of muscles - frontal and occipital
LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE - connective tissue -crucial for mobility of scalp
PERICRANIUM

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15
Q

layers of scalp?

A

SKIN
CONNECTIVE TISSUE - dense - layer of fat,bv, nerves and lymph
APNONEUROSIS - epicranial - of muscles - frontal and occipital
LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE - connective tissue -crucial for mobility of scalp/ flexible
PERICRANIUM - not visible layer

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16
Q

innervation of scalp by what nerves?

what parts they innervate

A

cranial - trigeminal nerves branches - anterior part of scalp

cervical nerve roots - spinal - posterior part of scalp - c2/3

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17
Q

external carotid artery brnaches to?

internal carotid artery branches to?

A

ECA to scalp

ICA to ophthalmic artery to brain

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18
Q

what branches of internal carotid artery to scalp?

A

from ophthalmic artery

supraorbital
supraochlear arteries to scalp

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19
Q

lymph in scalp?

A

none

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20
Q

occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

occipital section - posterior

frontal section - anterior

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21
Q

occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

occipital section - posterior
frontal section - anterior

contraction of muscle raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

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22
Q

orbicularis oculi?

parts

A

3 parts - palpebral, lacrimal,orbital

around eye

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23
Q

facila nerve how enters the face?

A

enters parotid gland and splits into 5 branches on anterior border gland

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24
Q

platysma muscle?

A

open mouth and pulls corners of lips

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25
Q

3 salivary gland?

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

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26
Q

carotid region bounded by?

A

superiorly - zygomatic arch
inferiorily - inferior border of mandible
anteriorly - masseter muscle
posteriorly - external ear and sternocleidomastoid

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27
Q

parotid duct structures that pass through it?

A

facial nerve
eca
retromandibular vein

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28
Q

parotid duct how does it run?

A

anterior border of gland - superficial master muscle and pierces into buccinator muscle - deeper - to oral cavity - opposite second molar

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29
Q

parasympathetic innervation of salivary gland?

A

increase saliva

glossopharyngeal nerve

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30
Q

sympathetic innervation of salivary gland?

A

increase saliva via vasoconstriction

originates from superior cervicak ganglion

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31
Q

facial artery how does it run?

A

branch off ECA
WINDS AROUND mandible bone jaw - possess through submandibular gland and masseter muscle (posterior to artery)and runs parallel to facial vein but terminates medial aspect of eye

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32
Q

masseter muscle used for?

A

muscle of mastication -chew

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33
Q

branches of ECA?

A

some anatomists like freaking out poor med students

superior thyroid 
ascending pharyngeal 
lingual 
facial 
occipital 
posterior auricular 
maxillary 
superficial temporal
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34
Q

what veins drain by?

A

internal
anterior
external jugular veins

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35
Q

4 compartments of neck?

A

vertebral
vascular - 2 of these
visceral

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36
Q

what do each compartment of neck contain?

A

vertebral - cervical vertebrae/postural muscles
vascular - major bv/vagus nerve
visceral - glands, trachea, pharynx, larynx

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37
Q

musculofascial collar in neck for?

A

in neck to encompass all compartments in neck

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38
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7 vertebrae

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39
Q

spinous process in cervical vertebrae?

A

bifid - 2

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40
Q

order of c1 and c2 and joints?

A 
synovial joint 
c1 ATLAS 
pivot joint 
c2 AXIS 
etc
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41
Q

anterior and posterior triangle of neck?

borders

A

anterior - midline jawbone, sternoceildomastoid, midline of neck

posterior - anterior border og trapezius muscle, middle 1/3 of clavicle, posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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42
Q

sternocleidomastoid function?

A

flexes neck and extends head

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43
Q

trapezius muscle attachments?

innervated by?

A

originates on occipital bone and inserts on lateral end third of clavicle

by accessory cranial nerve

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44
Q

parts of anterior triangle?

how are they divided

A

submental
submandibular
carotid
muscular

divided by hyoid bone, supra hyoid/infrahyoid muscles etc

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45
Q

when does common carotid split into Ica and era?

A

at c4

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46
Q

positioning of Ica and eca?

A

ica - more posterior and lateral

eca - more anterior and medial

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47
Q

ejv and ijv what is the positioning?

A

ejv - superficial and drains into subclavian vein

ijv - deep and forms brachiocephalic

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48
Q

what forms brachiocephalic vein?

A

merging of subclavian and ijv

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49
Q

carotid sheath contains?

A

formed by 3 layers of deep fascia -

carotid artery
ijv
vagus nerve

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50
Q

hyoid bone where?

A

in neck above trachea

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51
Q

suprahyoid muscles?

A

superior to hyoid muscle - elevate bone

stylohoid
digastric
geniohyoid
mylohoid

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52
Q

stylohoid muscle innervated by?

A

innervated by facial nerve

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53
Q

digastric muscle?

innervated by

A

2 bellies - connected by tendon
posterior - facial nerve
anterior - mandibular nerve

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54
Q

mylohoid innervated by?

A

branch of mandibular nerve (trigeminal)

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55
Q

geniohyoid?

A

innervated by hypoglossal nerve

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56
Q

infra hyoid muscles?

each one and innervation of each

A

muscles inferior to hyoid bone

omohyoid C1-3
sternohyoid C1-3
sternothyroid C1-3
thyrohoid C1 through hypoglossal nerve

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57
Q

cervical plexus innervates?
located?
made from?

A

innervate neck and trunk
located in posterior triangle of neck
made from anterior rami of c1-4 spinal nerves

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58
Q

what key nerve arises from cervical plexus?

A

phrenic nerve

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59
Q

ansa cervicalis?

A

loop of nerves c1-3

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60
Q

thyroid gland?

structure

A

endocrine gland

2 lobes connected at centre by isthmus

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61
Q

functions of nose?

A 
breathing 
cleans air u breath 
moistens air 
traps dirt 
smell
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62
Q

palates what do they do?

soft and hard locations?

A

they separate nasal and oral cavities

soft - posterior
hard - anterior

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63
Q

pharynx parts?

A

nasopharynx - above soft palate
oropharynx - behind anterior pillars of back of mouth
laryngopharynx - begin larynx

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64
Q

nasion?

A

anterior frontonasal suture that joins nasal part of frontal bone and nasal bones

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65
Q

hard palate made up of?

A

palatine process of maxilla and paired palatine bones

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66
Q

cribriform plate is part of?
forms?
function?

A

ethmoid bone
forms roof of nasal cavity
allows olfactory fibers to pass through for smell

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67
Q

crista galli?

A

superior to cribifrom plate

provides attachment for falx cerebri

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68
Q

falx cerebri?

A

sheet of dura mater

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69
Q

what type of epithelium lines nasal cavity?

A

pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium

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70
Q

concha part of what?

parts?

A

part of ethmoid bone - bone on itself
superior
middle
inferior

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71
Q

meatus part of?

parts?

A

inferior to each Conca of ethmoid bone
superior
middle
inferior

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72
Q

paranasal sinuses for? function

A

small hollow spaces in bone around nose

decrease weight of head
heating inhaled air
increasing resonance of speech

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73
Q

front view of paranasal sinuses

name top to bottom - describe location

A

frontal
sphenoid in centre of eyebrows - most posterior
ethmoid on inner side of eyes
maxillary around nose

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74
Q

what drains into middle meatus?

A

frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses

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75
Q

what drains into superior meatus?

A

posterior ethmoid air cells

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76
Q

what drains into inferior meatus?

A

nasolacriminal duct

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77
Q

roof of nasopharynx formed by?

A

sphenoid bone

basilar part of occipital bone

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78
Q

adenoids?

A

at back of nose - collection of lymphoid tissue

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79
Q

temporomandibular joint?

between what two things

A

hinge that connects jaw to temporal bones of skull

coronoid process of mandible
AND
mandibular fossa of temporal bone

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80
Q

muscle of mastication?

A

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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81
Q

temporalis action?

A

anterior fibres - elevate mandbile

posterior fibres - retract mandible

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82
Q

masseter?

A

elevates and protracts mandible to close jaw

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83
Q

medial and lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

both attach to lateral pterygoid plate AND mandible

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84
Q

pterygoid plate part of?

A

sphenoid bone

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85
Q

action of lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

depression of mandible
side to side
protrusion

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86
Q

action of medial pterygoid muscle?

A

elevation of mandible

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87
Q

action of masseter muscle?

A

retraction of mandible

elevation

88
Q

action of temporals?

A

elevation of mandible

89
Q

soft palate structure

muscle fibers? innervated by?

A

moveable - consist of muscle fibers sheathed by mucous membrane
5 muscle fibers - by vagus nerve

90
Q

2 arches of mouth?

A

posterior and anterior

palatopharyngeal
palatoglossal

91
Q

tongue split into?

A

anterior 2/3

posterior 1/3

92
Q

papillae of tongue present where?
what are they
3 types

A

present on anterior 2/3 not posterior
small bumps on tongue - contain temp sensor/taste buds etc

filiform
fungiform
circumvallate

93
Q

lymphoid follicles of tongue present where?

A

as elevations in posterior 1/3

94
Q

lingual frenulum?

A

mucous membrane that connects tongue to floor of mouth

95
Q

name extrinsic muscles of tongue?

A

genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus

96
Q

lobes of submandibular gland? seperated by?

A

superficial lobe
deep lobe

separated by MYLOHOID MUSCLE

97
Q

SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF salivary glands how?

A

stimulatory BUT indirect innervation

as inervate bv supplying glands

98
Q

name cartilages of larynx? 3

A

epiglottic
thyroid
cricoid

ALLPAIRED

99
Q

what forms laryngeal inlet?

A

aryepilottic folds - laterally
epiglottis edge - anteriorly
arytenoid and corniculate cartilage - posteriorly

100
Q

rima glottidis?

A

space between vocal cords

101
Q

vestibular folds?

A

‘false vc’

actually just superior to true vc

102
Q

soft palate elevation meaning?

A

moves up to block nano cavity to prevent bolus entering nose

103
Q

outer circular muscles of pharynx?

role?

A

superior
middle
inferior
CONSTRICTOR muscles

deliver food bolus into oesophagus

104
Q

inner longitudinal muscles of pharynx?

A

stylo- pharyngeus
Salpingo - pharyngeus
palato - pharyngeus
muscles

105
Q

pharyngeal plexus formed by?

A

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

innervating pharynx

106
Q

waldeyers ring?

A

ring of four tonsils of mouth - lymph tissue

pharyngeal
tubal
palatine
lingual

107
Q

purpose of weldeyers ring?

A

part of immune system

first line of defence against microbes entering oral route

108
Q

LACRIMAL gland?

A

on top of eye

109
Q

eye divisions/layers?

A

anterior and posterior segment

anterior - anterior and posterior chambers

110
Q

what gels and where present in eye?

A

Vitrous Humour gel in posterior segment

Aqueous Humour fluid in anterior segment

111
Q

vascular layer of eye contains?

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

112
Q

what layers of eye do you encounter as you touch eye ? order it

A 
cornea 
AH fluid 
pupil /iris 
lens 
retina 
macula 
optic disc
113
Q

macula?

A

part of retina where sharp visual acuity - max cones

114
Q

what produces AH fluid?

A

ciliary body - flows in a certain pathway

115
Q

ora serrata?

A

junction between retina and ciliary body

116
Q

suspensory ligaments do what?

A

suspend the lens in place

117
Q

intrinsic muscles of eye ? 3

A

sphincter pupillae
dilator pupillae
ciliary muscle

118
Q

sphincter pupillae?
action
innervation?
structure

A

parasympathetic
circular
constricts pupil

119
Q

dilator pupillae?
action
innervation
structure

A

sympathetic
radially
dilates pupil

120
Q

ciliary muscle?
action
innervation

A

changes shape of lens

innervated by parasympathetic
accommodation

121
Q

adduction and abduction is what direction?

A 
adduction = towards nose 
abduction = away from nose
122
Q

intuition and extortion of eye?

A

when head is tilted and eye rotates opposite way

intortion = towards nose 
extortion = away from nose
123
Q

eye movements carried out by what muscles?

A

6 extrinsic muscles of eye

RADSIN - recti adducts/ superiors INTORT

124
Q

inferior oblique muscle of eye?

action

A

abducts
elevates
extortion

125
Q

superior oblique muscle of eye?

action

A

abducts
depresses
intortion

126
Q

inferior rectus muscle of eye?

action?

A

depresses
adducts
extortion

127
Q

superior rectus of eye?

action

A

elevates
adducts
intorsion

128
Q

medial rectus muscle of eye?

action

A

adducts eye

129
Q

lateral rectus muscle of eye?

action

A

abducts eye

130
Q

check ligament ROLE IN EYE ?

A

prevent over adduction/abduction in eye

131
Q

artery and vein of eye orbit?

A

opthalmic artery/vein

132
Q

lacrimal apparatus?

made up of (4)

A

lacrimal glands secrete fluid - tears
L DUCTS - convey fluid to conjunctivae
lacrimal canaliculi - small canals - into medial edge of eye - to L SAC -
nasolicrimal duct - into nasal cavity

133
Q

nasolacrimal duct into what?

A

inferior nasal meatus

134
Q

flow of tears?

A
  1. lacrimal gland
  2. through excretory lacrimal ducts
  3. unto conjunctivae
  4. to lacrimal lake
  5. into lacrimal sac
  6. down nasolacrimal duct into nasal cavity
135
Q

ear ossicles?
name 3
where

A

middle ear
form a chain from tympanic membrane(laterally) to oval window(medially)

in petrous part of temporal bone

malleus
incus
stapes

136
Q

tensor tympani and strapedius muscle? action

A

in middle ear and relate to the ossicles and reduce sound - as protective role

137
Q

bony and membranous labriynth where?

what within each

A

inner ear

bony L = COCHLEA - SCC
- perilymph fluid present

membranous L = DUCTS - SACCULE/UTRICLE
-endolymph fluid present

138
Q

cochlea?

A

body’s microphone - converts oust pressure to electrical impulses

139
Q

what is main LN of head and neck?

A

inferior and superior

deep cervical lymph nodes

140
Q

efferent vessel from the deep cervical lymph nodes join to form what?

A

jugular lymphatic trunks

141
Q

pterion?

A

region where frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone join to form H SHAPE

142
Q

What goes through foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery/vein

143
Q

what goes through foramen magnum?

A

medulla, spinal nerves and arterys and veins

144
Q

foramen lacrem what goes through it?

A

pterygoid artery/nerve

145
Q

cranial venous sinuses
what are they?
function
where?

A

found between inner and outer dura

group of sinuses/blood channels that drain blood circulationing from cranial cavity -

take deoxy blood to heart

146
Q

grooves of skull formed by?

A

venous sinuses

147
Q

sella turcica?

A

depression of sphenoid bone

where pituitary gland sat

148
Q

what is on either side of pituitary gland?

A

cavernous venous sinus

149
Q

tentorium cerebelii

A

fold of dura mater

150
Q

sphenoid bone has what plates etc?

A

pterygoid plates and hamulus

151
Q

why is neonates skulls flexible and not fully ossified?

A

allows for growth and protect from minor impacts

152
Q

2 types of ossification?

and seen where in skull

A

endochondral = base of skull, irregular bones

intramembranous - vault of skull, flat bones

153
Q

frontanelles?

how many

A

soft spots on skull where not fused correctly

usually just anterior and posterior

154
Q

myoepithelial cells function in glands?

A

contracting property 0 to expel secretions in through ducts

155
Q

types of secretions of each salivary gland in our body?

A

parotid gland - serous - watery secretion

submandibular - mixed serous and mucous secretion

sublingual - mucous secretion

156
Q

processes of temporal bone? 3

A

styloid process
mastoid process
zygomatic process

157
Q

external acoustic meatus part of what bone?

A

temporal bone

158
Q

temporal process part of what bone?

A

zygomatic bone

159
Q

notochord formation leads to what formation in embryo?

A

axis formation - now has a left and right side

160
Q

what surrounds notochord?

A

para-axial mesoderm

161
Q

how does neural tube and neural crest cells form?

A

by ectoderm folding downwards
to form neural tube

some cells of neural fold separate to form neural crest cells - outwith/surrounding tube

162
Q

neural tube goes ono to form?

A

brain and spinal cord

163
Q

what is seen under the tongue ?

A

opening of left and right submandibular ducts

164
Q

where doe palatine tonsil sit in mouth?

A

in-between the palatoglossal arch and palatopharnygeal arch

165
Q

how many deciduous teeth we have?

deciduous meaning?

A

baby teeth

20

166
Q

how many permanent teeth?

A

32

167
Q

sub glottis part of what?

A

larynx

168
Q

reactive lymph node?

3 FEATURES OF IT

A

swollen LN -
SOFT
MOVEABLE
SMALL/OVAL

169
Q

FOSIT also known as?

A

feeling of something in throat

globus pharyngeus

170
Q

what vein runs on top of sternocleidomastoid?

A

external jugular vein

171
Q

what nerve enters posterior triangle of neck?

A

accessory nerve

172
Q

what nerve runs closely to superior thyroid artery?

A

external laryngeal nerve

173
Q

danger space o neck? and where?

A

retopharyngeal space

where infection/pus can spread

174
Q

deep cervical fascia investing layer covers what?

A

sternocleidomastoid

175
Q

carotid sheath wraps around what?

A

carotid arteries
jugular veins
vagus nerve

176
Q

what bone forms part of nose? and what part?

A

ethmoid bone - nasal septum

177
Q

turbinate of nose?

A

parts of ethmoid bone that protrude init nasal cavity

178
Q

tmj is what type of joint?

A

fibrocartilage

179
Q

what muscle protracts mandible?

A

lateral pytergoid muscle

180
Q

mandibular foramen what enter?

A

inferior alveolar nerve

181
Q

know how does maxilla and palatine bones form ?

A

maxilla - front parts - anterior

palatine bones - posterior part

182
Q

vallecula?

A

air pocket found just anterior to epiglottis

183
Q

odotenoid peg?

A

odontoid process of axis - C2

184
Q

nasolacrimal duct drains into?

A

nasal cavity

185
Q

contraction in ciliary body affect?

A

make suspensory ligament lax - relaxed

vice versa

186
Q

action of inferior and superior oblique?

A

inferior - elevates, abducts, extorts

superior - depresses, abducts, intorts

187
Q

when does anterior fontanelle fuse?

A

9-18 months

188
Q

how is sphenoid in relation to temporal bone?

A

sphenoid is in front of the temporal bone

189
Q

where is maxillary and mandible in skull?

A

maxillary - moustache area

mandible - jaw area

190
Q

which is more anterior - lacrimal or the ethmoid bone in the orbit?

A

lacrimal is more anterior - on inner side

191
Q

which nerves go to innervate the face?

A

V1/2/3 - front

spinal - back

192
Q

eca/ica supplies what?

A

eca - supplies face/head/neck

ica - supplies up in brain

193
Q

how does facial nerve arise in parotid gland ?

A

within parotid gland - splits it into 2 lobes

194
Q

what are the branches of the eca?

A

some anatomists like freaking out poor med students

superior thyroid 
ascending pharyngeal 
lingual 
facila 
occipital 
posterior auricle 
maxillary 
superficial temporal
195
Q

accessory nerve enter where and how?

innervate how?

A

enter posterior triangle superficially

innervate sternocleidomastoid muscle

196
Q

supra hyoid muscles action?

A

elevate the hyoid bone

197
Q

infra hyoid muscles - how do they sit?

A

omohyoid - superficially slings to the side
sternohyoid - superficialy down to sternum

deeper
is thyrohyoid and sternothyroid - which is deeper

sternothyroid - doesn’t attach to hyoid bone but depresses the thyroid cartilage

198
Q

terminal branches of ECA? 2

A

maxillary and superficial temporal

199
Q

where does facial vein run?

A

parallel to facial artery

200
Q

action of each mastication muscle?

A

masseter - elevate and protrude
temporalis - retract and elevate

lateral Pty- protrude and depress
medial Pty - elevate and protrude

201
Q

attachments of lateral and medial ptyeroid muscles?

A

medial - medial aspect of lateral Pty. plate

lateral - lateral aspect of lateral pty plate

202
Q

attachments of masseter and temporals muscle?

A

masseter - maxillary process of zygomatic bone - and arch

temporlais - superior to zygomatic arch - and above to temporal fascia

203
Q

what two nerves run over pterygoid muscles?

A

inferior alveolar nerve

lingual

204
Q

what are branches of vagus? explain where they are

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve - on either side of trachea

superior laryngeal nerve - above to larynx - has internal and external branch

205
Q

what innervates cricothyroid muscle?

A

superior laryngeal nerve

206
Q

cricothyroid muscle does what?

A

tense and stretches vocal ligaments - creating speech

207
Q

what supplies larynx?

A

superior and inferior laryngeal arteries coming off from superior and inferior thyroid arteries

208
Q

what comes between cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage?

A

circothyroid membrane

209
Q

what each sinus drains into?

A

frontal - middle meatus
sphenoid sinus - sphenoid-ethmoidal recess - superior to superior conca
ethmoid - front and middle into middle meatus
but posterior ethmoidal air cells - into superior meatus

maxillary - into middle meatus

210
Q

tears drain into what meatus of nasal cavity?

A

inferior meatus

211
Q

taste and sensation of tongue by?

A

anterior 2/3 -
general sensation - lingual nerve
special sensation -chorda tympani

posterior 1/3
general and special sensation - glossopharyngeal nerve

212
Q

what innervates tongue muscles?

A

hypoglossal nerve

213
Q

action of tongue muscles?

describe each 4

A

palatoglossus - elevate
styloglossus - elevate and retracts
hyoglossus - depresses and retracts
genioglossus - depresses and protrudes

214
Q

innervation of external nose?

A

V1 and V2 BRNACHES

215
Q

GENERAL AND SPECIAL SENSORY innervation of nose by?

A

SPECIAL - olfactory

GENERAL - branches of trigeminal nerve - ophthalmic and maxillary

216
Q

chords tympani runs where?

and carries what type of fibers

A

branch of facial and runs through the middle ear - carrying parasympathetic and special sensory(taste)

ENT - HEAD/NECK (5 decks)

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