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ENT - HEAD/NECK > dermatology > Flashcards

dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of thermo-receptors?

A

central and peripheral

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2
Q

centra and peripheral thermoreceptors detect ?

A

central detect - core body temp.

peripheral detect - environmental temp.

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3
Q

temp. regulating centre in brain?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

heat stroke?

A

body temp raised above 40 degrees

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5
Q

what happens to set point in hypothalamus in fever?

A

set point is shifted and raised in hypothalamus

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6
Q

pharmacokinetics?

A

effect of body on drug

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7
Q

pharmacodynamics?

A

effect of drug on body

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8
Q

3 things to consider about a drug?

A

distribution
metabolism
excretion

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9
Q

vehicle of drug means?

examples

A

stable substance that carried active drug to correct area of action

solution
cream
ointment
shampoo

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10
Q

factors that affect topical absorption?

A 
conc of med 
temp 
thickness of skin 
chemical properties o drug 
vehicle 
skin site
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11
Q

unit used to measure how much topical med to use?

A

finger tip unit

0.5g = 1 unit

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12
Q

retinoids?

for?

side effects?

A

vit A
good for skin - epidermis treating

has side effects - dry skin and lips

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13
Q

immunosuppressants?

e.g.

A

for inflammatory skin disorders

oral steroids

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14
Q

biologics?

A

treat inflammation conditions

genetically engineered proteins

  • mab
  • cept
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15
Q

-mab biologics means?

A

indicates monoclonal Ab

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16
Q

-cept biologics means?

A

indicates a receptor fusion

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17
Q

impetigo?

causes -2

A

contagious skin infection - superficial skin

red sores and blisters - cornflakes stuck to skin

bacterial - aureus and street. pyogens

gram positive cocci

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18
Q

erysipelas?

causes

A

bacterial infection of top layer of skin - bright red rash on skin

strept. pyogenes
staph aureus

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19
Q

cellulitis?

A

infection of bacteria getting into deeper layers of skin - swollen area of skin

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20
Q

lipidermatosclerosis?

A

changes in lower legs skin - inflamed fat under skin

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21
Q

tinea?

feature of it

examples

A

group od fungal infections

unilateral and localised

ringworm
athletes foot

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22
Q

candidiasis

A

yeast infection

thrush

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23
Q

nystatin?

A

anti fungal cream

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24
Q

intertrigo?

A

rash that facts folds of skin - due to friction causing inflammation

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25
Q

viral warts due to?

A

due to HPV virus

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26
Q

molluscum contagioscum?

due to?

A

DNA pox virus

small raised papule spots on skin

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27
Q

herpes HSV = 1 and 2 difference?

present as?

A

1 - cold sores - oral transmission

2 - STD - genital herpes

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28
Q

herpes zoster virus?

prognosis

A

shingles - chicken pox

it is self limiting

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29
Q

scabies?

A

contagious skin condition due to tiny mites that burrow into skin

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30
Q

erythroderma?

A

widespread inflammation skin condition

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31
Q

SJS?

A

skin condition due to reaction o drug - lead to painful rash an blisters

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32
Q

TEN?

A

skin condition due to adverse drug reaction -lead to skin peeling and blistering

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33
Q

SJS vs TEN?

A

SJS is mild

TEN is more sever end of sam spectrum

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34
Q

erythema multiforme?

trigger?

presentation

A

hsv trigger

infection hypersensitivity reaction

round rashes on palms, limbs etc

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35
Q

DRESS?

A

drug allergy to variety of meds

drug induced hypersensitive reaction - includes abnormal blood cell levels
and includes rashes, facial swelling, organ damage,

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36
Q

phemigus?

where

A

autoimmune condition

group of conditions that cause blisters and pus filled bumps -
on epidermis outside f skin
blisters easily ruptured - fragile

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37
Q

pemphigoid?

A

autoimmune conditin
lower skin layer affected -
creating tense blisters that don’t break easily

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38
Q

two forms of psoriasis ?

A

erythrodermic - inflammation of skin - intense burning and itching
pustular - pus filled blisters formed on skin

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39
Q

eczema herpeticum?

cause

A

hsv caused

with poorly controlled eczema

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40
Q

SSSS?

caused?

A

SKIN CONDITION covers wide area of skin - upper layer causing blisters and peeling

bacteria caused staphylococcal aureus

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41
Q

urticaria?

A

hives

outbreaks of swollen, itchy rashes that appear suddenly due to reaction to allergens - food, bites or chemicals

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42
Q

acute and chronic urticaria?

treatment options

A

acute - less than 6 weeks

chronic - more than 6 weeks

anti-histamines
biologic - omalizumab

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43
Q

emollients? do what

A

replace barrier - rehydrates - moisturiser

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44
Q

psoriasis? what is happening here?

common sites?

A

causes skin cells to multiply 10x faster than normal
common areas of bumpy red patchy lesions
knees, elbows, scalp

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45
Q

causes of psoriasis?

A

issue in immune system
that causes inflammation and triggers overproduction of skin cells -
genetic - run-in families
environmental

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46
Q

eczema? what is it

A

skin condition where patches of skin get itchy and red

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47
Q

types of ecsema?

A

contact dermatitis
atopic ecsema
irritant contact dermatitis

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48
Q

allergic contact dermatitis explain type?

A

type 4 hypersensitivity
eczema
T cell mediated

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49
Q

allergic contact dermatitis type of hypersensitivity?

A

type 4 hypersensivity reaction

50
Q

irritant contact dermatitis due to?

A

skin injured by hand washing, friction, environmental factors - cold, chemicals etc

51
Q

patch test?

A

testing for allergies

52
Q

sedborrhoeic dermatitis?

caused by?

A

skin condition on scalp - scaly red itchy patches

can be immune system abnormality
yeast - malassezia

53
Q

discoid ecesma?

A

dermatitis that cause skin to go red, swollen in circular oval patches

54
Q

pompholyx eczema?

A

eczema that causes you to get tiny itchy blisters on hand and palms of hands

55
Q

asteatotic eczema?

A

dermatitis due to dry skin - cracked scaly appearance -

56
Q

venous ecsema?

due to?

A

in lower legs due - common in people with varicose veins -

due to increase pressure in veins

57
Q

Calcineurin inhibitors?

A

used to suppress immune system

topical

pimecrolimus
tacrolimus

58
Q

immunosupression examples?

used for?

A

azathioprine

ciclosprorin

59
Q

types of non-melanoma?

A

basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer

60
Q

causes of non-melanoma skin cancer?

A 
uv radiation 
hpv 
immunosuppression 
carcinogens 
familial
61
Q

basal cell carcinoma?

A

more common
slow
develop in basal cells - deepest part of epidermis

62
Q

mohs surgery? used when?

A

special type of excision of skin cancer - to help keep as much healthy skin left -

for high excision areas

63
Q

photodynamic therapy?

A

use of light to kill skin cancer cells as treatment

64
Q

vismodegib?

A

drug used to treat basal cell carcinoma

65
Q

squamous cell carcinoma ?
cells involved?
explain

A

keratinising squamous cells
faster growing
non- metastasise

66
Q

keratoacanthoma?

A

skin cancer tumour BENIGN - looks like a crater -

67
Q

what to look at when looking at skin lesions?

A 
ABCDE rule 
asymmetry 
border 
colour 
diameter 
evolution
68
Q

dermoscopy for?

A

to look at skin lesions closely - increase clinical accuracy

69
Q

non-melanoma skin cancer meaning?

melanoma skin cancer meaning?

A
  • cancer in upper layers of skin

- more serious and can spread to other organs

70
Q

different types of melanoma?

A

superficial spreading malignant
nodular
lentigo maligna

71
Q

immunotherapy of melanoma cancer?

A

-mab
-nib
meds

72
Q

breslow thickness?

used how?

A

depth of melanoma from outer skin layer to deepest melanoma cell

used to assess the prognosis of patient

73
Q

cutaneous lymphoma?

classification of it?

A

cancer of wbc - that involve the skin - abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes

B cell lymphoma
T cell lymphoma

74
Q

mycosis fungicides?

stages?

A

common form of T cell cutaneous lymphoma

patch on skin(red, flat)
plaque - thickened
tumour - irregular lump
metastatic - infiltrate into lymph nodes

75
Q

Sézary syndrome?

A

red man syndorme
form of T cell cutaneous lymphoma

affect all body -

76
Q

total skin electron beam therapy?

A

type of radio consisting of small charged particles
to superficial layers - sparing deeper layers

treat cutaneous lymphoma

77
Q

extracorporeal photophoresis?

A

treat cutaneous lymphoma

draw blood – collect blood and make T cells sensitive to uv
and damage the diseased cells by uv radiation

78
Q

seborrhoea keratoses?

A

benign - warty growths stuck on

79
Q

cryotherapy?

A

liquid N

like a thermal burn to remove skin lesions

80
Q

cysts?

A

encapsulated lesion containing fluid material

81
Q

dermatofibroma?

A

benign fibrous firm nodules

under the skin

82
Q

angioma?

A

non cancerous benign lesions - made up of small blood vessels - overgrowth of blood vessels in skin

83
Q

pyogenic granuloma?

appearance like?

A

rapidly enlarging growth - due to proliferation of bv

like an red lump - raspberry like ons surface

84
Q

curettage?

A

scraping of the lesion

85
Q

Bowens disease?

A

early form of skin cancer - dysplasia

affects outermost layer squamous cells

86
Q

actinic keratoses?

treated by? 3

A

rough sclaly patches on sun damaged skin

curette
cryotherapy
topical iquimod

87
Q

layers of skin?

and brief composition of each

A 
top 
epidermis - outer keratinocytes 
dermis - bv, glands, muscles, hair 
hypodermis - fat etc 
bottom
88
Q

layers of skin?

describe each one with their cell type?

A

come lets get some beers

stratum corneum - horny layer
stratum lucidum - flat cells
stratum granulosum - diamond shaped cells
stratum spinosum - prickle cells
stratum basale -columnar epithelial cells

89
Q

hair cycle?

stage s

A

hair follicles go through growth, shrinkage and shredding cycle

anagen - growing phase
catagen - growth/shrinks
telogen - shed

90
Q

function of skin? 3

A

thermoregulation -
skin immune system
barrier
sensation

91
Q

macule?

A

small flat circumcised

92
Q

patch?

A

larger flat cirucumcised

93
Q

papule?

A

small raised area

94
Q

plaque?

A

large raised area

95
Q

small lesion means?

A

less than 5cm

96
Q

vesicle?

A

small fluid filled

97
Q

bulla?

A

large fluid filled

98
Q

pustule?

abscess?

A

small pus filled

large pus filled

99
Q

erosion?

ulcer?

A

loss of epidermis - superficial

loss of epidermis and dermis - deeper

100
Q

rosacea?

A

reness in face and visible blood vessels

101
Q

how to take skin biopsy?

A

punch biopsy - punch through skin and sample all layers

102
Q

what cells are responsible for hypersensivity reaction in skin?

A

mast cells

103
Q

delayed hypersensvitiy reaction due to what cells?

A

T cells

104
Q

4 risk factors for skin cancer?

A 
fam history of skin cancer 
previous skin cancer 
subbed use 
previous radiation 
exposure to carcinogens
105
Q

name some benign skin lesions?

A 
viral warts 
cysts 
lipoma 
dermatofibroma 
vascular lesions
106
Q

side effects of topical steroids?

A 
telangiectasia 
glaucoma 
atrophy 
cataracts 
bruising 
hirsutism
107
Q

what do retinoids do?

A

normalise keratinocyte function

anti inflam effects

108
Q

what need to do with immunosuppressants?

A

regular blood monitoring - as risk of malignancy etc

109
Q

acne vulgaris?

includes

A

disease of psu - face, chest, back

comedones 
pustules
papules 
cysts 
scars
110
Q

psu?

A

pilo-secaceous unit

structure consisting of hair and glands and skin

111
Q

comedones?

A

skin coloured papule - blocked follicles

112
Q

closed and open comedones?

A

open - blackhead

closed - whitehead

113
Q

acne treatment ?

FIRST LINE AND SECOND LINE

A

1ST LINE - topical
AB:clindamycin
erythromycin

topical retinoids/benzoyl peroxide

2ND LINE - systemic meds

AB: tetracyclins
erythromycin

combined oral contra. pill
isotretinoin
UVB

114
Q

isotretinoin?

for?

issue?

A

for severe acne

accutane

retinoid med

multiple side effects

115
Q

side effects of isotretinoin?5

A 
dry skin 
brittle hair 
mood disturbance 
headaches
liver function derangement
116
Q

how to treats scarring?

A

treat inflammation first and wait 1 yr if on isotretinoin

chemical peels 
laser 
excision 
steroid 
dermabrasion - exfoliate
117
Q

acne rosacea?

A

redness of skin leading to more visible sign of bv
or pus filled pustules/bumps

facial most likely

can have a few triggers for a flare up

118
Q

difference between rosacea and acne vulgaris?

A

no comedones in rosacea

119
Q

treatment of rosacea?
first line
second line - name the AB

A

first line - topical MEDS

second line - systemic meds 
AB: Tetracyclins 
erythromycin 
isotretinoin 
laser 
light base treatment - uvb
120
Q

macula changes what?

A

not texture just colour

ENT - HEAD/NECK (5 decks)

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