HL Bio terms Flashcards
spermatogenesis
Production of spermatozoa
Seminiferous tubules
where spermatogenesis occurs
spermatogonium
an undifferentiated male germ cell
flagellum
motility
acrosome
contains enzymes for fertilization
Sertoli cells
gives nutrients to spermatozoa
polar bodies
the three cells that are not used as gametes as they are not a viable zygote to fertilize
Ovum
Very large fourth haploid cell
oogonia
cells that undergo repeated mitosis to build up numbers of oogonia (2n)
Primary oocytes
oogonia grows into larger cells called primary oocytes (2n)
follicle cells
cells within ovaries go through repeated mitosis
primary follicle
A layer of follicle cells surround each primary oocyte- entire structure is called primary follicle
First polar body
small cell produced that will die
Secondary oocyte
very large cell that is released at ovulation
Ovaries
Female gonads. Helps release eggs and where ovulation occurs.
ovulation
Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary into the female reproductive tract
fallopian tubes
ducts that carries the gg to the uterus
uterus
muscular structure where early embryo implants develop and pregnancy occurs
endometrium
inner lining of uterus
cervix
lower portion of uterus, which has an opening to the vagina that allows sperm to enter
vagina
muscular tube that leads from external genitals to the cervix
testes
male gonads: sperm is produced here in tubes called seminiferous tubules
epididymis
the area where sperm are received, become mature and become capable of swimming via movement of their flagella
scrotum
a sac that holds the testes outside the body cavity so sperm production and maturation can occur at a temperature cooler than body temp.
vas deferens
muscular tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during an ejaculation
seminal vesicles
small glands that produce and add seminal fluid to the semen
prostate gland
a gland that produces much of the semen, including carbs for the sperm
zona pellucida
the protective layer around the ovum (egg) that allows the sperm to fertilize it
pronucleus
a small nucleus inside a fertilized egg cell that contains genetic information from the mother and father before they merge to form a new cell.
Graafian follicle
a fluid-filled sac in a woman’s ovary that contains a developing egg.
polyspermy
rare event of multiple spermatozoon fertilizing the ovum
cortical reaction
the process of releasing of enzymes from the egg’s outer layer to harden it, preventing additional sperm from entering and fertilizing the egg.
cortical granules
vesicles that release their contents during fertilization to prevent other sperm from entering the egg.
continuous variation
when an array of possible phenotypes can be produced
(bell shaped graph)
discrete variation
distinct and separate groups
Law of Segregation
how genetic information for a specific trait is passed from parents to offspring, ensuring that offspring inherit one allele from each parent, which contributes to genetic diversity and the variation of traits in a population.
Independent Assortment
when organisms reproduce, the alleles for one trait segregate or separate independently of the alleles for other traits.
