HIV/AIDS Flashcards
The ___________ was first
isolated in 1983 and was retrospectively identified as
the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS; reported 1981).
• It is a non-transforming retrovirus (Retroviridae
family) of the lentivirus subfamily.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HIV-__ being more common (overall) particularly in
sub-Saharan Africa, while HIV-__ is more prevalent in
West Africa and associated with slower disease course.
HIV-1; HIV-2
What gender is more commonly infected with HIV?
Males
What is the largest single risk factor for getting HIV?
male-to-male sexual contact remains the
largest single risk factor
Transmission of HIV is by exchange of infected bodily fluids predominantly
through ______ and ________ .(Sharing needles and
blood transfusions, organ transplants etc.)
intimate sexual contact and by parenteral means.
The most common method of sexual transmission of HIV in the United States is ________?
anal
intercourse in men who have sex with men (MSM), in whom the risk of HIV
infection is 40 times higher than in other men and in women.
___________ is the second most
common form of transmission of HIV in the United States but accounts for 80% of the
world’s HIV infections.
Heterosexual transmission (male to female or female to male)
• Transmission of HIV from _______ is the third largest group affected in the
United States
sharing needles
T/F: The presence of erosions, ulcerations, and hemorrhagic inflammatory pathoses
(e.g., gingivitis, periodontitis) may predispose an individual to oral transmission of HIV
True
What does Gag produce in the HIV virus?
Nucleocapsid
Matrix
Caspid
What does pol produce in the HIV virus?
Enzymes
What does Env produce in the HIV virus?
Envelope
HIV primarily infects cells with _________ molecules at the site of HIV entry.
CD4 cell-surface
receptor molecules (CD4+ T helper lymphocytes
mainly)
The HIV virus uses CD4+ cells to gain entry by _____ or ______
fusion
with a susceptible cell membrane or by
endocytosis
The probability of HIV infection depends on both the
_______ and _______
number of infective HIV virions in the body fluid
which contacts the host and the number of cells
with appropriate CD4 receptors available at the
site of contact.
The enzyme product of the pol gene, a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that is bound to the HIV RNA, synthesizes linear double-stranded cDNA that is the template for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
reverse transcriptase; HIV integrase
_____ protein
interacts with the RNA within
the capsid
Nucleocapsid (NC)
______ protein surrounds
the RNA of HIV
Capsid (CA)
______ protein surrounds
the capsid and lies just beneath
the viral envelope.
Matrix (MA)
Just before the budding process, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cleaves Gag proteins into their functional form which get assembled at the inner part of the host cell membrane, and virions then begin to bud off.
HIV protease
________ is the transition from the point of viral infection to when antibodies
of the virus become present in the blood (circulating antibodies).
Seroconversion
Stage ___ of HIV infection
Laboratory confirmation of HIV infection, no AIDS defining conditions and CD4+ T
lymphocyte count of ≥500 cells/μL or CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage of total lymphocytes of
≥29***.
Stage 1 (Immediately after HIV exposure and may last for years)
Stage ____ of HIV infection
Laboratory confirmation of HIV infection, no AIDS defining condition, and laboratory
confirmation of HIV infection and CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 200–499 cells/μL or CD4+ T
lymphocyte percentage of total lymphocytes of 14–28***.
Stage 2 (Progressive immunosuppression and early symptomatic disease*)
Stage ____ of HIV infection
Laboratory confirmation of HIV infection and CD4+ T lymphocyte count is <200 cells/μL or
CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage of total lymphocytes is <14 or documentation of an AIDS-
defining condition. Documentation of an AIDS-defining condition supersedes a CD4+ T
lymphocyte count of ≥200 cells/μL and a CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage of total lymphocytes
of ≥14***.
Stage 3 (AIDS; variety of immunosuppression-related diseases**)
Stage ____
• During the first 2 to 6 weeks after initial infection with HIV, ~70% of patients develop an acute
flulike syndrome marked by viremia (acute seroconversion syndrome) that may last 10 to 14 days
(sometimes up to 4 weeks). Others may not manifest this symptom complex.
• Symptomatic persons often develop mononucleosis-like symptoms: lymphadenopathy, fever,
pharyngitis, weakness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, headache, weight loss, and a skin rash
(roseola-like or urticarial). Only an estimated 20% of symptomatic persons seek medical attention.
• A concomitant transient fall in CD4+ cells occurs along with high titers of plasma HIV, but patients
do not develop evidence of immunosuppression (>500 cell/ml; CD4+ cell count tend to return
toward normal levels after acute symptoms.
• This is usually followed by developing antibodies (anti-gag, anti-gp120, anti-p24) between weeks 6
and 12. A few may take 6 months or longer to achieve seroconversion particularly in patients
without acute symptoms. (6 weeks –6 months, 97% within the first 3 months of infection)
• The severity of the initial acute infection with HIV (i.e., level of viremia) is predictive of the course
the infection will follow. Generally, the longer the acute infection lasts the earlier patients develop
AIDS.
• Can last up to 8–10 years.
• The virus disseminates throughout lymphoid tissue, incubates, replicates (several
thousand copies), and alters many physiologic processes, resulting in hyperimmune
activation, persistent inflammation, and impaired gut function and flora.
• Evolution of the virus within its host to generate closely related yet distinct mutant
viruses that serve to evade the surveying immune response and circulating
antibodies.
• There is a progressive decline in immune function evident as progressive depletion
of CD4+ cell count (CD4+ lymphocytes >500 cells/μL) & slow but usually
progressive increase in viral load.
• <1% are non-progressors and maintain a low viral load.
• Silent clinically except for persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (Up to 70% of
patients).
Stage 1
Stage ___
Early symptomatic period
• Can last 1–3 years.
• Signs and symptoms increase as the CD4+ count drops below 500 cells/μL and
approaches 200 cells/μL(often between 200 and 300/μL)
• Viral load continues to increase.
• Platelet count may decrease in about 10% of patients.
Any or a combination of the following:
• Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
• Fungal infections
• Vaginal yeast and trichomonal infections
• Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL)
• Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 & HSV-2)
• Herpes Zoster (VZV)
• HIV-related retinopathy
• Constitutional symptoms: fever, night sweats, fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss,
weakness.
Stage 2
