HIV Flashcards
What type of conditions can manifest in AIDS?
Lecture 20, slide 6
What is the structure of HIV-1? What Baltimore group does it belong to?
Lecture 20, slide 11
What structure proteins do HIV-1s open readings frames encode? What regulatory and virulence factors do they encode?
Lecture 20, slide 12-13
- structural protein: Pol
- virulence factors
How does HIV-1 engage with host cell receptors and enter host cells? What is the rest of its replication cycle?
Lecture 20, slide 14-15
What is the viral cellular tropism of HIV-1?
Lecture 20, slide 16
What are some viral antagonists of cell restriction factors?
Lecture 20, slide 17
What are the two cellular ways that HIV-1 can spread?
Lecture 20, slide 18
What is the natural progression (without treatment) of HIV-1 infection? What are the characteristics of HIV-1 infections that diverge from this progression to AIDS?
Lecture 20, slide 20-21
Why is the experimental pathogenic SIV infection (in macaques) a better model for HIV-1 infection than natural SIV infection?
Lecture 20, slide 22-23
-the experimental model correlates better to HIV than the natural infection model
Compare healthy gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) with HIV-infected GALT.
Lecture 20, slide 24
How do CD4+ T cells die in an HIV-1 infection?
Lecture 20, slide 25
What causes AIDS?
Lecture 20, slide 26
Where are the viral reservoirs made in an HIV-1 infection?
Lecture 20, slide 28
-memory T cells and maybe macrophages
What potential cures for HIV-1 infection may there be?
Lecture 20, slide 29
What are the events following HIV-1 transmission? What is the immune response to transmission?
Lecture 21, slide 4-5
What are the early innate immune responses to HIV-1 infection?
Lecture 21, slide 6
What are the T cell responses to HIV-1 infection?
Lecture 21, slide 7
What are the antibody responses to HIV-1 infection?
Lecture 21, slide 8
What is the major immune evasion mechanism of HIV-1 and how is it done? What are some nAb evasion mechanisms of HIV-1?
Lecture 21, slide 9-10
What are the two major vaccine approaches for HIV-1? What are the disadvantages and advantages of each approach and the combination of both approaches?
Lecture 21, slide 12-13
What is the aim of CTL-based vaccines? What vectors are being tested?
- adenovirus vectors
- CTL-based approaches have not yet worked in humans
What is the rationale of neutralizing antibody vaccines?
-they aim to completely prevent infection
What HIV-1 epitopes do bNAbs recognise? How can we elicit bNAbs in people?
Lecture 21, slide 18-19
How can HIV-1 replication cycle be therapeutically targeted?
Lecture 21, slide 21
What is the structure and function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? How can it be therapeutically inhibited? Give named examples of drugs.
Lecture 21, slide 22-23
What is the structure and function of HIV-1 integrase? How can it be therapeutically inhibited? Give a named example of a drug.
Lecture 21, slide 24
What is the structure and function of HIV-1 protease? How can it be therapeutically inhibited?
Lecture 21, slide 25
What types of treatments and prevention for HIV-1 infection exist? What drug combinations are used and how successful are the treatments and prevention methods?
Lecture 21, slide 26
How does HIV-1 kill cells?
HIV-1 induces cell death in both uninfected (bystander) and infected CD4+ T cells.
- Bystander cells may be killed by aberrant caspase-dependent apoptosis, e.g. induced by upregulation of death ligands (e.g. Fas ligand).
- Infected cells may be killed by pyroptosis (e.g. due to the accumulation of unintegrated reverse transcripts), caspase-dependent apoptosis, etc
