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3MB Reproduction (My version) > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

HIV = AIDS. True/False?

A

False

HIV does not mean you have AIDS but it increases the risk of getting AIDS

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2
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

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3
Q

Which immune receptors are the target of HIV infection?

A

CD4+ receptors

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4
Q

What effect does HIV attacking CD4 receptors have on the immune system?

A 
Reduced circulating CD4
Reduced CD8 activation
Reduced antibody class switching
Chronic immune activation
Basically, increases susceptibility to infection!
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5
Q

What is the normal range of CD4 cells?

A

500-1600 cells/mm3

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6
Q

What is meant by opportunistic infection?

A

Infection that would not normally occur in a healthy individual

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7
Q

At what points of infection does HIV rapidly replicate?

A

Early and late points

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8
Q

When do clinical presentations of HIV typically occur?

A

2-4 weeks after onset of infection

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9
Q

List some clinical features of HIV infection

A 
Fever
Maculopapular rash
Myalgia
Pharyngitis
Headache
Meningism
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10
Q

Is there a high risk of transmission of HIV?

A

Very high risk through normal routes (i.e. not airborne)

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11
Q

Asymptomatic HIV infection involves a latent/dormant virus. True/False?

A

False!

Infection is ongoing even though person is asymptomatic; still risk of transmission

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12
Q

What cause of pneumonia is a common opportunistic infection occurring in HIV/AIDS patients?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

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13
Q

How is pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage and immunofluorescence

+/- PCR

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14
Q

What is the treatment for pneumocystis jirovecii?

A

Co-trimoxazole

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15
Q

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is another opportunistic infection. What organism causes it?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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16
Q

What happens pathologically in cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A

Chorioretinitis - multiple cerebral abscesses

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17
Q

Which animal/pet is particularly infamous for transferring toxoplasma to humans?

A

Cats

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18
Q

What is the CD4 threshold for cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A

CD4 less than 150

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19
Q

CMV is another opportunistic infection. What is the CD4 threshold for this?

A

CD4 less than 50

20
Q

How does CMV usually present?

A

Reduced visual acuity
Floaters
Abdo pain, diarrhoea

21
Q

List some opportunistic skin infections that may occur with HIV

A

Herpes zoster
Herpes simplex
Human papilloma virus
Weird ones - histoplasmosis, molluscum contagiosum

22
Q

Which HIV strain is associated with neurocognitive impairment?

A

HIV-1

23
Q

Which condition is caused by JC virus as an opportunistic inffection?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

24
Q

What is “Slim’s disease” in association with HIV?

A

HIV-associated wasting due to metabolic disorder, anorexia, malabsorption and/or hypogonadism

25
Q

What is the most common AIDS-related cancer?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

26
Q

Which organism causes Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Human herpes virus 8

27
Q

How is Kaposi’s sarcoma treated?

A

HA anti-retroviral therapy
Local therapy
Systemic chemotherapy

28
Q

Which AIDS-related cancer is caused by EBV?

A

Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

29
Q

Which AIDS-related cancer is caused by HPV?

A

Cervical cancer

30
Q

What are the 3 main modes of transmission of HIV?

A

Sexual
Parenteral
Mother-to-child

31
Q

Is HIV more common in men who have sex with men or women who have sex with men who have sex with men?

A

Men who have sex with men

32
Q

What sexual factors increase the risk of getting HIV?

A

Anoreceptive
Trauma
Genital ulceration
Concurrent STI

33
Q

How might HIV be acquired parenterally?

A

Injection drug use
Infected blood products
Iatrogenic

34
Q

Who should be tested for HIV?

A

Those in high prevalence areas
Screening of high-risk groups
Those with clinical indicators

35
Q

What are high-risk groups for HIV?

A 
Men who have sex with men
Women who have sex with men who have sex with men
Injecting drug users
People living with people who have HIV
Endemic areas
36
Q

What markers of HIV are used to detect infection?

A

Antibody
Antigen (p24)
Viral RNA

37
Q

List markers of HIV in order of first appearance

A

Viral load
Antigen
Antibody

38
Q

What is the window period of 3rd generation antibody tests for HIV compared to 4th generation antibody tests?

A

20-25 days (3rd gen)

14-28 days (4th gen)

39
Q

How do 4th gen antibody tests differ from 3rd gen antibody tests for HIV?

A

3rd gen: antibody only

4th gen: antibody + antigen

40
Q

What is the BASHH guidance on a negative 4th gen antibody test with regards to HIV?

A

Negative antibody test performed 4 weeks after exposure is highly likely to exclude HIV infection

41
Q

What rapid HIV tests can be done?

A

Fingerprick
Recent infection testing algorithm
Home sampling
Home testing

42
Q

Which drug class has in vitro activity against HIV? Give an example of a drug under this class

A

Nucleoside analogues reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

Zidovudine

43
Q

What is highly-active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)?

A

Combination of 3 drugs from at least 2 drug classes to which the virus is susceptible

44
Q

Partner notification of HIV is a voluntary process. True/False?

A

True

45
Q

There is no risk of HIV transmission with casual/household contact. True/False?

A

True

3MB Reproduction (My version) (32 decks)

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