HIV Flashcards
How much HIV is present in the UK?
1.9/1000
How much HIV is present in Leicester?
3.8/1000
What is the average age of diagnosis of HIV?
40 y/o
What percentage of people living with HIV don’t know they are infected?
17%
What type of virus is HIV?
Retrovirus
Which cells are affected by HIV?
Cells with CD4+ receptor - T helper lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages
How does the HIV virus infect cells?
in detail
1) Binds to CD4 molecule and one of two coreceptors, fuses with cell
2) Virus penetrates cell and empties contents
3) Single strands of viral RNA converted into ds DNA by reverse transcriptase
4) Viral DNA combined with the cell’s own DNA by integrase
5) Long chains of proteins made
6) Immature virus pushes out of the cell, taking some cell membrane with it, breaks free of infected cell
7) Maturation - protein chains in new viral particle are cut by the protease enzyme into individual proteins that combine to make a working virus
How is HIV transmitted?
Contact of infected bodily fluids with mucosal tissue/blood/broken skin
(sexual contact, transfusion, contaminated needles, perinatal)
What CD4 count defines AIDS?
<200 cells/ul
What is the CD4 count in stage I HIV infection?
> 500
What is the CD4 count in stage II HIV infection?
<500
What is the CD4 count in stage III HIV infection?
<350
What are some symptoms of acute HIV infection?
Fever, weight loss, malaise, headache, rash, nausea, hepatosplenomegaly, myalgia
What factors affect HIV transmission?
Type of sexual act, viral load in blood, condom use, breaks in skin or mucosa
What tests are used to diagnose HIV?
HIV antigen blood test, HIV antibody blood test, PCR, saliva, finger prick
What are some indications for testing for HIV?
Pneumonia, TB, meningitis, dementia, severe psoriasis, recurrent shingles, chronic diarrhoea, lymphoma, anal cancer, cervical intrapithelial neoplasia, any STI
What are the aims of HIV treatment?
Undetectable HIV viral load, reconstitute CD4 count, reduce general inflammation, reduce risk of transmission, good quality of life, normal life span
What are used to treat HIV?
Anti-retroviral drugs
What are some examples of anti-retroviral drugs?
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Protease inhibitor
Integrase inhibitor
What can be done to reduce the prevalence of HIV?
Increase condom usage, prevention of mother-child transmission, ARV treatment as prevention, medical circumcision, post/pre exposure prophylaxis
What do you call the people who are naturally fairly resistant to HIV?
Elite controllers
True or False
Globally, the majority of new cases with HIV are diagnosed in MSM
False
Heterosexual men/women
True or False
In the UK, the majority of new cases with HIV are diagnosed in MSM
True
What is the average life expectancy of people with HIV in the UK?
77 years (as normal)
What is the risk of acquiring HIV from a needlestick injury from a positive person?
1:300
What is the global total of people with HIV?
37 million
What is the UK total of people with HIV?
107,800
What is a major consequence of HIV if it is left untreated?
AIDS
Roughly how many people die a year from HIV, globally?
1.2 million
Roughly how many people die a year from HIV in the UK?
320
Name 4 opportunistic infections associated with AIDS
TB, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis pneumonia
