History Unit 1 Flashcards
How was life better in the 1900s? How is life better today?
Life was better in the 1900s because of less taxes. cost of living was lower, and people can connect with one another without cell phones. Life’s better today because of the internet, more medicine, and more access to transportation.
What kinds of transportation did they have in the 1900s?
Bicycles, streetcars, trains, and horse-drawn vehicles.
What kinds of communication did they have in the 1900s?
Radios, newsletters, ablur telephones, and formal speech.
What aspects of culture did they have in the 1900s?
Ceremonies, symbolic clothing, different languages, and new provinces and cities showing up.
What kinds of economy were in the 1900s?
Fur trade, agriculture growth, lower money value, and farming.
What kinds of entertainment were in the 1900s?
Orchestra concerts, Olympics, comic books, and music.
What kinds of standard of living were in the 1900s?
Public health, sanitation, lower life span, and no washing machines.
What aspects of education were in the 1900s?
Tests on your IQ, residential schools, no projectors, and a lack of opportunities.
What other aspects were in the 1900s?
Teens working at factories or fields, children living in poverty, less pollution, and no indoor plumbing.
What are some push factors new Canadian immigrants considered at the time?
Discrimination, climate, war, disease, and overpopulation.
What are some pull factors new Canadian immigrants considered at the time?
Job opportunities, free land, health care, political freedom, and better education.
What happened during the Franco-Prussian War?
In 1870, France and Germany went to war with each other, resulting Germany to win the battle in 1871. Germany received the land that bordered between Germany and France, which was France’s Alsace-Loraine region. Germany tried to come up with plans to go to war again because they knew France wanted to get revenge for the land that they lost.
What is imperialism?
The policy of establishing colonies away from the homeland in order to build an empire
What power did Britain want and have?
Great Britain was the wealthiest due to the exploitation of its colonies. Great Britain possessed the greatest navy (since they were an island), and was a democracy at the time.
What power did France want and have?
France was a democracy at the time and had the second best army. Their main goal was to get Alsace-Loraine back to Germany.
What power did Russia want and have?
Russia was led by Tsar (also known as Czar) Nicholas 2. Even though Russia had the largest, it is the least developed out of the 5 countries.
What power did Germany want and have?
Germany was in a naval race with Britain and wanted more colonies. Germany was always watching out for France, even though they had the strongest army, but not the largest one.
What is militarism?
The belief in the power of strong armies and navies to decide issues.
What are alliances?
Alliances were formed when countries band together against a common threat, and pledge to support each other in times of war.
Which countries are in the Triple Entente (Allied Powers) ?
France, Russia, and Britain.
Which countries are in the Triple Alliance (Central Powers) ?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Why can alliances be dangerous?
Alliances can be dangerous because they almost always guarantee that if a war begins between two countries, many more countries would become involved.
What is nationalism?
Nationalism is a feeling of deep loyalty and protection to one’s homeland and their people.
What happened on June 28, 1914?
Heir of the Austrian throne, Archduke Ferdinand, was killed by the Black Hand, a terrorist group because of Ferdinand’s perceived threat to Serbian dependence. The Austrian Hungarian king got very upset with the death of his nephew and got angry at Serbia, causing Austria-Hungarian to go into war with Serbia.
What happened on July 23, 1914?
Austria-Hungary king sent an ultimatum to Serbia.
What is an ultimatum?
A list of demands.
What were the three demands that the ultimatum demanded Serbia?
Put down all nationalist hatred against Austria-Hungary, punish all those involved in the assassination plot, and allow Austro-Hungarian officials into Serbia to help crush the Black Hand.
What happened on July 25, 1914?
Serbia responds by accepting the first two demands but declines the third one.
What happened on July 29, 1914?
Serbia calls on Russia for help. Russia mobilized their army along the borders with Austria and Germany. Austria-Hungary calls Germany for help, and in response, Germany declares war on Russia.
What happened on August 3, 1914?
France mobilizes its forces to assist Russia. In response, Germany declares war on France.
What does mobilized mean?
Mobilized means to prepare for war in World War 1 terms.
What happened on August 4, 1914?
Germany invades Belgium, whose neutrality for war is guaranteed by Britain. In response, Britain declares war on Germany. By midnight August 4, all the countries of the two alliances, except Italy, were at war.
What happened on August 5, 1914?
All the countries and the rest of the British Empire went to war.
What happened during the Schlieffen Plan?
In 1905, Alfred von Schlieffen, the German army chief or staff, crafted a plan to defeat France quickly so that they would surrender before Russia would have a chance to mobilize German armed forces. Schlieffen’s plan was to attack France through Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg as 90% of German military forces would takedown France, while the remaining 10% would defend the eastern border against Russia. However, Schlieffen ended up being replaced by Von Molke, who made some changes to the plan: not attacking Holland and focusing on attacking Belgium because Belgium wouldn’t resist a powerful German army.
What were the four assumptions during the Schlieffen Plan?
Russia would take at least six weeks to mobilize, France would easily be defeated in six weeks, Belgium would not resist any German attack, and Britain would remain neutral.
What was the reality of the Schlieffen Plan?
On August 2, 1914, according to the Schlieffen Plan, Germany army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium. However, Belgium fought back with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) by their side. Germany was forced to remove troops from the Schlieffen Plan so that they can defend the eastern border. Germany was met by the French at the battle of the Marne, which halted the German advance.
How many days did Russia get mobilized?
10 days.
What was included in the soldiers’ equipment?
A pair of boots, a pair of puttees, a shovel, an eating tin, a gas mask, a rifle, a haversack, ammunition pouches for bullets, a cape, grenades, a water bottle, a helmet, and a bayonet.
What did soldiers do when they went ‘over the top’ to attack the enemy?
They had to carry all of their equipment through the mud, barbed wires and crater holes made by mines. They had to make sure that they did not get shot at the same time.
Find out more about the contributions of the individuals and communities mentioned in this feature.
Ukrainians, Germans, Austrians, and others were considered “enemies” by Canada because of the fear of garnering sympathy from other countries. Due to these people from other countries being allowed into Canada a long time ago, some were forced to be sent back to their respective countries or arrested to be placed in internment camps. After the Ukrainians went to Canada to get away from German and Russian empires, the Ukrainians and Canada worked together during World War 1. The Italian, Jewish, Chinese, and Japanese joined in on the war as well.
What other communities made significant contributions to the war effort, but are not always remembered?
Those countries would probably be the Italians, Jewish, Chinese, and Japanese.
Discuss why the war heightened attitudes of racism and intolerance.
Because people from other countries were treated with prejudice and hostility during the war.
Explain how Canada became involved in World War 1.
Canada became involved in World War 1 because military officers and politicians were against Black Canadians in the armed forces. People from Canada also entered the war as Sir Sam Hughes had recruited thousands of Canadians to make thousands of dollars.
How did French and English Canadians react when war was declared? Why?
When war was declared, French and English Canadians responded negatively because Hughes antagonized French Canadians by insulting them and only English-speaking officers got promotions.
How did Canada prepare its forces for the war?
It was organized by Hughes, leading to 100,000 Canadians at war on the battlefield.
Nationalism was very strong at the beginning of the twentieth century. Examine your own feelings of nationalism. Would you say they are strong? How do you express them?
I think that nationalism is somewhat strong because of the fact that countries make alliances with one another and sometimes they can break those alliances to further themselves. I express them as “brilliant, intelligent negotiators who are selfish and manipulative.”
What are the major reasons Borden gives for Canada’s entry into World War 1?
That British dominions need to work together to win or end the war.
How does Borden make it clear that Canada is not entering this war for some of the reasons that other European countries declared war?
It’s because Canada never really goes into war due to an enjoyment of battle or for power as they care about honour and liberty.
What happened in the Battle of Ypres?
Three major battles happened close to the town of Ypres, Belgium in World War 1. The first battle, which lasted from October 12 to November 11, 1914, was when the Germans fought against Belgian, French, and British armies. This battle continued inside trenches after both sides made a run for it inside said trenches. The second battle, which happened from April 22 to May 25, 1915, was the first time Germany used poison gas as a weapon on the Western Front, which was the name for the battlefields west of Germany.
What happened in the Battle of Passchendaele?
The third Battle of Ypres (also known as the Battle of Passchendaele), which went from July 31 to November 6, 1917, involved Britain initially breaking through part of the German line. However, heavy rains soon turned the area into a swamp as the conditions were awful.
What happened in the Battle of Somme?
On July 1, 1916, the Newfoundland regiment was part of the opening day of the Battle of the Somme. During the battle, a German flare was mistaken for an allied Flare and the Newfoundland Regiment began an attack. As the Newfoundlanders climbed the slope on the battlefield, they were fully exposed to a German regiment, causing them to get slaughtered. The Newfoundland regiment had almost ceased to exist within 15 minutes of the attack. 780 officers and soldiers had started the attack and only 110 returned unscathed. As the battle continued on for months, Britain introduced the tank, a new weapon, which didn’t work out because there weren’t enough tanks at the First Battle of Somme to make any impact in the fighting. Despite more than a million soldiers getting killed or wounded, the battle succeeded in diverting German resources from the attack on Verdun, but overall, it was considered a failure.
What happened during the Vimy Ridge?
Vimy Ridge fell under German control in October 1914. The ridge provides a natural free view for tens of kilometres in all directions and was important for the Germans to maintain France, which they had invaded. Both British and French forces were unsuccessful at getting rid of the ridge, until the Canadian Corps came along, in which they attacked together and achieved victory.
What happened after the Vimy Ridge?
The Canadian Corps
What was the airplane originally used for? Was it armed?
To observe enemy positions and it was not armed.
What were planes armed with?
Machine guns and bombs, which were thrown out of the open air cockpit by the co-pilot.
Why were the men who piloted these planes considered “knights of the air?”
Because they were above the mud and death of the trenches.
What was the title for a pilot who shot down five enemy planes?
Ace.
What is a “dogfight?”
Two warring aircrafts battling each other and exchanging fire in the air.
Why did pilots try to tailgate the enemy aircraft?
So that the enemies could not return the gunfire.
What would being shot down result in?
Instant death.
Why were pilots not allowed to carry parachutes?
Because pilots might try to bail out if they did carry a parachute?
What was the average lifespan of a plane?
3 weeks long.
What were planes often called?
“Flying coffins”.
Who is Billy Bishop?
A Canadian who was one of the leading “aces” of the Royal Flying Corps. He shot down 72 enemy planes, which made him the greatest ace in the British Empire, which lead to him earning a Victoria Cross, the highest reward for bravery under fire.
What is the Zeppelin?
A blimp that the Germans used in bombing raids. They carried machines, guns, and bombs.
Why were Zeppelins abandoned?
Because they were filled with a very flammable gas and they were easy to shut down.
Why did it at first appear that Britain would dominate the war at sea?
Because Britain had the largest and most modern navy staffed by seasonal veterans. That is, until the German submarine or U-boat showed up.
What was the German strategy against the British?
To cut off supplies, like food and weapons. The Germans believed this would force Britain to withdraw from the war. Germany started by giving warning to merchant ships.
What was Canada’s main role in the war at sea?
Shipping Canadian troops, food, and munitions to Europe
What did the British start doing?
Collecting ships in to large groups called convoys, which would sail together from Quebec, Halifax, or even St. John’s.
What could convoys be protected from and by? What did the convoy system do?
Convoys could be protected from submarines by warships. The convoy system greatly reduced the number of ships sunk.
What happened during the Halifax Explosion?
On December 6, 1917, the Mont Blanc French freight ship loaded with explosives was heading into the Halifax harbour narrows from New York to join the next Canadian convoy. meanwhile, the Imo A Norwegian steamer, which was carrying relief supplies for Belgium, was also heading into the narrows. At 8:43 am, the two ships collided and started to release smoke into the air. The TNT cargo in the Mont Blanc blewup the ship and the Halifax Harbour. The explosion caused the deaths of 2,000 people, 9,000 injured, and 10,000 people homeless. Within days, relief supplies started to come in from Jamaica, New Zealand, and Massachussets to help citizens cope with this disaster. This was the biggest man-made explosion the world has known at this time.
Why were Aboriginals given the jobs of reconnaissance scouts and snipers?
Because their military roles were being influenced by their combined traditional hunting and military with racial stereotypes held by recruiting officers and military officials.
What aspects of military life were difficult for Aboriginals to adjust to?
Being discharged from the army for refusing to cut their hair, ranking war chiefs and warriors based on sharp distinction, and the rigid military hierarchy in the Canadian Corps, which distinguish between officers and other ranks.
Give three examples of the contributions made by African Americans to the war effort.
2,000 of them tried to get into the front lines to join the regular unit, they worked in factories to make weapons and supplies for soldiers fighting overseas, and took part in patriotic activities like raising funds for the war effort.
How many acts did the government pass during or just after World War 1?
5.
One law of the War Measures Act stopped the sale of alcoholic drinks. True or False?
True.
“Enemy Aliens” were people who were not citizens of Canada.
False.
What does the word “exempt” mean?
To be excused from having to do something.
What does the word “repealed” mean?
To abolish or do away with a law.
Who were people not born in Canada labelled as?
Immigrants.
Which people did the Wartime Elections Act give the right to vote?
Only women who were the wives, mothers, or sisters of soldiers.
Where were “Enemy Aliens” put in?
To work in camps that felt like prison or concentrated camps.
Which people did the Military Voters Act allow to vote?
Women.
The Income Tax Act as meant to last only a few years after World War 1. True or False?
True.
Canada was ready to join World War 1. True or False?
False.
Conscription was the only way the Prime Minister felt he could get enough men into the armed forces. True or False?
False.
Canada needed more men to join the armed forces because so many men were being wounded or killed. True or False?
True.
How many soldiers did Canada have in the armed forces by 1918?
60,000
Did French Canadian men marry at a young age and had family responsibilities?
Yes.
Which two countries did French Canadians have no loyalty to?
Britain and France.
What were French Canadians worried about if they joined the armed forces?
About losing their language and culture.
What did French Canadian men expect to learn when they joined the armed forces?
English.
When was the Military Service Act passed?
1917.
Which one of these men would not be compensated into the armed forces?
Teachers.
Who were the two leaders that spoke out against conscription?
Wilfrid Laurier and Henri Bourassa.
By World War 1, women could have any job they wanted. True or False?
True.
During World War 1, women were paid less than men for the same job. True or False?
True.
By 1915, all women could vote in Canada. True or False?
True.
What were three jobs that women could have in World War 1?
Nurses, cleaners, and secretaries.
Why did women soon have to take over the jobs of men in Canada?
Because the men joined the armed services.
Women were allowed to join the armed forces, but what was the job they were really allowed to do?
Be a nurse.
Why were women expected to give up their jobs once the war was over?
Because the jobs were only made to be temporary until the men came back from war.
What is a suffragette?
A person who believes women should have the right to vote.
Who was Neille McClung?
A suffragette in Manitoba.
By what year had women won the right to vote in all provinces except Quebec?
1925.
What kind of job could women have gotten by being made a person?
A government job, like being in the Senate.
The Home Front was where soldiers were fighting, True or False?
False.
The Western Front was where soldiers were fighting. True or False?
True.
How much more wheat had Canadian farmers grown in 1918 than in 1913?
4 times.
What were three things that were rationed for Canadians at home?
Milk, meat, and butter
What were three things being made in Canada for the war?
Ships, trucks, and guns.
About how many soldiers went off to fight the war?
350,000.
What does rationing mean?
Being only allowed to gain a certain amount of something per week or month.
What was the Home Front?
The farms, factories, and kitchen in Canada where people worked to help fight the war.
How many factories did Canada built?
1500.
What was the age of most of the soldiers sent off to war?
17 years old.
What happened during the Treaty of Versailles?
An armistice was reached and Germany agreed to a cease-fire at November 11, 1918, which was when Remembrance Day happened. The treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 after months of argument and negotiation amongst the so-called “Big Three” as to what the treaty should contain.
What is the total death of all nations who fought in the war?
8.5 million with 21 million being wounded.
What did the Big Three have to say about the treaty?
Georges Clemenceau of France had one very simple belief: Germany should be brought to its knees so that she could never start a war again. Woodrow Wilson of America proposed his famous “14 points” to support peace in the post-war era. David Lloyd George of Great Britain echoed the sentiment of his British citizens who wanted to “Make Germany pay!”.
What happened for the military in the clauses if the treaty?
Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men.
What was Germany not allowed to have?
Germany was not allowed to have an airforce and could only have 6 capital naval ships and no submarines.
What zone was no German soldier or weapon allowed in?
A demilitarised zone.
What happened when it came to the War Guilt Clause?
The Allied and Associated Governments confirm and Germany accepts the resposibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war.
What were the clauses of the treaty in terms of financial?
The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any attempts by German to rebuild her economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss. Reparations forced German to repay Allied countries for their financial expenditures during the war. It seemed that the Allies wanted nothing else but to bankrupt Germany.
What was Germany’s reaction to the treaty?
After agreeing to the Armistice in November 1918, the Germans had been convinced that they would be consulted by the Allies on the contents of the Treaty, This did not happen. There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public. = Diktat.
What two choices were Germany given?
To sign the Treaty or be invaded by the Allies.
Explain Canada and the Treaty of Versailles.
The Treaty of Versailles enhanced our national status in the international arena. Robert Borden insisted that Canada should have the same representation as Belgium and other small countries at the Conference; and in the end Canada was given, representation on the British Empire delegation. They were given two seats at the Conference, and signed the treaty under the UK. As a result of the treaty, Canada obtained separate representation in the Assembly of the League of Nations.
What is war propaganda?
A significant aspect and tool of war that involves the use of information to influence public opinion and support war efforts.
What were propaganda posters used for?
To justify their involvement to their own populace, as a means of recruiting mean, a way to raise money and resources to sustain the military campaign, and to urge conversation.
Why did the government use propaganda posters?
Television had not yet been invented, not everyone owned or had access to a radio, posters were the most effective means of getting a message across, quite often propaganda is connected with negative emotions, and during the Great War, the governments needed money for the war effort, so they focused their efforts on posters aimed at raising money from citizens for the war effort.
What are the countries and empire that were part of Europe in 1914 that no longer exist in 1919?
Serbia, Austria Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, and Montenegro.
What were the new countries displayed on the 1919 map that were not present during 1914?
Yugoslavia, Turkey, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Poland, and Estonia.
Which new countries were a part of the Ottoman Empire?
Turkey, Austria Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
Which new countries were a part of the Russian Empire?
Finland, Estonia, and Poland.
Which countries gained territory in 1914 to 1919?
Poland, Yugoslavia, Finland, and Estonia.
Which countries lost territory in 1914 to 1919?
Turkey and Czechoslovakia.
How might these changes lead to conflicts in Europe later on? Give at least two possible ideas.
Because all 32 nations were a part of it as the collapse of the Russian Empire made Poland and Finland. Also, countries like Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia are made by the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolving them into separate countries, along with Austria and Hungary.
What positive impacts did World War 1 have on Canada?
Giving the women right to vote, advances in weapon and military technology, workers receiving better rights and wages, political transformation to most parties, and old politics being swept away.
What negative impacts did World War 1 have on Canada?
Several cities and towns got destroyed, poor economic conditions, over a million deaths, political instability, and ascending unemployment.
What is profiteering?
When all citizens and businesses of a country are involved in providing and working for the war effort.
What is a front line?
The area between each army’s trench.
What is conscription?
A law that forced men to join the military.
