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Everything > History - Surgery > Flashcards

History - Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What were the three main problems of surgery?

A

Pain
Infection
Blood loss

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2
Q

Why was it difficult to work with the patient during an amputation without anaesthetic?

A

The patient would scream and try to escape

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3
Q

Who invented laughing gas (Nitrous Oxide) and when?

A

Humphrey Davey in 1799

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4
Q

What were some disadvantages of laughing gas?

A

It did not completely knock out the patient

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5
Q

What were some disadvantages of Ether?

A

Made you vomit
Explosive and flammable
Irritates eyes and lungs

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6
Q

When was Ether discovered?

A

1846

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7
Q

Who discovered chloroform?

A

James Simpson

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8
Q

How was chloroform discovered?

A

Simpson and his colleagues were experimenting with different chemical and when they took chloroform, they had passed out within two minutes.

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9
Q

What is an advantage of chloroform?

A

It would knock the patient out or send them to sleep if inhaled

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10
Q

What were some disadvantages of chloroform?

A

Many people didn’t remember a thing afterwards

It would make women sexually excited

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11
Q

Who died in 1848?

A

Hannah Greener

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12
Q

How did Hannah Greener die?

A

Overdose of chloroform during an operation on her toe

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13
Q

Why did people oppose the use of chloroform?

A

Hannah Greener’s death of overdose
Many people felt it was not natural and that God wanted women to endure the natural pain of birth
Many prided themselves on the speed of operations, anaesthetics meant speed was no longer important

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14
Q

What was written in the letter to The Lancet in 1849?

A

“The infliction of pain has been invented by Almighty God. Pain may be considered a blessing of the gospel.”

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15
Q

What was written in the letter to the medical journal The Lancet in 1853?

A

“Anaesthetic is most unnatural. The pain and sorrow of child birth exert a most powerful and useful influence upon the religion and moral character of women.”

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16
Q

What was the Black Period of surgery?

A

1847-1867

Period between anaesthetics (1847) and antiseptics (1867) when things got worse in surgery

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17
Q

What were some advantages of general anaesthetics?

A

Surgeons began to take more time over operations and were able to work deeper inside the body, developing new operations that saved more lives
Research into using chloroform more effectively began
Local anaesthetics were developed
Was pain free
Research meant better anaesthetics which relaxed muscles and put people to sleep = fewer side effects than chloroform

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18
Q

Who was Semmelweiss?

A

Realised more illnesses were spread in wardens such as birth wardens as mothers and other patients were dying
Doctors did not wash their hands or wash aprons before doing another operation
Publicly said it was important to wash hands to prevent spread of disease

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19
Q

Why did people oppose Semmelweiss?

A

People believed washing hands before performing surgery was not important
Had no reason as to why it was important
Was unlikely he did as it wasn’t until after the black period that the discovery of germs was made

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20
Q

Many people died from infection even after a successful operation. What did surgeons believe caused this?

A

After recognising the high death rate, many surgeons believed it was due to the weakness of the patient

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21
Q

What was another name for Carbolic Acid?

A

Donkey engine

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22
Q

Disadvantages of carbolic spray?

A 
Went everywhere
Cracked surgeons skin
Made everything smell
Made operations more expensive
Took more time
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23
Q

What did Robert Lister discover?

A

Infection would not develop in a wound if the dressing and bandage were soaked in carbolic acid before use

24
Q

Despite the survival rate with Lister’s patients increasing afterward the use of carbolic acid, why did some surgeons oppose his methods?

A

Did not always work
Always changed
Didn’t always have the same results

25
Q

What increased after the improvement of the understanding of microbes and infection?

A

Attempts to prevent infection getting into the wound by creating a sterile environment

26
Q

What did Lister’s changing methods suggest?

A

It made him seem unsure of his ideas and suggested he had mistakes in his methods

27
Q

Who invented the steam steriliser?

A

Koch

28
Q

Why was the steam steriliser better than carbolic acid?

A

Easier way to prevent infection getting into the wound

29
Q

From 1864-66, how many amputations were made without antiseptic and how many people died?

A

35 amp.

16 died = 45.7%

30
Q

From 1867-70, how many amputations were made and how many died?

A

40 amp.

6 died = 15%

31
Q

In 1901, who identified different blood groups?

A

Karl Landsteiner

32
Q

Why was blood loss a major problem in surgery?

A

No way to replace blood lost when the patient bled heavily

Transfusions usually failed

33
Q

What happened after the problems of pain and infection were overcome?

A

More complex operations were made

Blood loss remained a problem

34
Q

What did scientists and surgeons understand about blood transfusions?

A

The blood groups of the patient and the donor need to match in order for a successful transfusion

35
Q

The donor needed to be present for the transfusion. True or false?

A

True

36
Q

In 1915, what was discovered about blood clotting?

A

Adding sodium citrate would stop clotting

37
Q

In 1916, it was discovered that a person dies if blood does not circulate around the body, taking oxygen to different parts and organs. Who discovered this?

A

Francis Rous and James Turner

38
Q

When and where was the first blood dept set up?

A

1917 in Battle of Cambrai

39
Q

What was the blood depot?

A

Patients can be safely given type O blood

40
Q

How did many wounded soldiers die in WWI?

A

Blood loss, even though many injuries weren’t fatal

41
Q

What was discovered in 1916?

A

Blood could be stored in refrigerated conditions

42
Q

What was the hypodermic needle?

A

Transfusions were easier to carry out

43
Q

Who was Paré?

A

Developed metal clips to place on arteries during operations to prevent blood loss

44
Q

Which famous women used chloroform during childbirth?

A

Queen Victoria for her 8th child

Mrs Dickens

45
Q

What was cauterisation?

A

Putting tar on the end of a stump
Extremely painful
Stem the flow of the blood

46
Q

What was cat gut used for?

A

Bandages

47
Q

Why was Saline developed?

A

To prevent infection in wounds with shrapnel for soldiers

48
Q

When were sterilised rubber gloves used for the first time?

A

1894

49
Q

In what year were all instruments steam sterilised?

A

1897

50
Q

What were the three main anaesthetics?

A

Laughing gas
Ether
Chloroform

51
Q

What did the Lancet encourage?

A

Discussion of ideas between doctors

52
Q

Who did Lister present his work to and where?

A

Pasteur and 2500 other scientists in Paris 1892

53
Q

What did newspapers report?

A

Notable operations - Queen Victoria and childbirth and King Edward VII appendix removal

54
Q

What helped doctors discover causes of disease and infection?

A

Bacteriology

55
Q

Who developed Pedicle Tubes?

A

Harold Gillies

56
Q

What were Pedicle tubes?

A

Method of plastic surgery used to treat patients in WWI

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