HISTORY (PRELIM) Flashcards
means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation
historia (greek)
was adopted in classical Latin – became known as the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical evidence.
Historia
Study of the past. Everything that had happened in the past.
history
A scientific research or inquiry
history
Approach of Western History
Positivist
Primarily concerned with human activities done in the past.N Sison, 2023*focuses on human activities
history as a discipline
that is concerned with the divine and not with human beings
theology
these pieces of literature are concerned about the lives and undertakings of mythical creatures like deities and supernatural entities
myths or legends
– study of the stories of past societies but of the affairs of non human entities
quasi-history
Greek Mythology is considered
quasi-history
Stories of non-human may not be factual -
no records of facts
it is a field of inquiry, generally falls in the sciences, particularly to the social sciences.
history
Seeks to answer questions.It aims to find out and make sense of what is previously unknown.
history as a discipline
The quest for these answers should be done through a – which in turn would be objectively interpreted by the historian to arrive at rational findings and conclusions.
systematic and methodical collection of data and evidence
As a discipline it is concerned with the ‘why?’
history
History may also be _ but more importantly, it seeks to explain and answer questions about the past
storytelling / biography,
Herodotus Pioneered recording the past through
historical sources
also known as the Father of History because he was the one who established History as a science
Herodotus
Written ‘Histories’ which describes the deeds of men in the past for posterity(future generation) as guidance
Herodotus
which describes the deeds of men in the past for posterity(future generation) as guidance
histories
Written about the Peloponnesian War
Thucydides
Father of Scientific History
Thucydides
highlighted the importance of the systematic and impartial collection of evidence as an essential prerequisite in writing history
Thucydides
approach was very humanistic
Herodotus’
The only reliable source for him were testimonies of eyewitnesses
Herodotus’
Herodotus’ only reliable source for him were
testimonies of eyewitnesses
Focuses on the method of oral history.
Herodotus’
History is _ and cannot be captured in the memory of a single generation
vast
not limited to collecting eyewitness testimonies
Historical method
– asserts that real knowledge lies in the actual observation of the facts. For an idea to be real, it must be verified with sensory experience
Positivism
– The study of history
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Included other sources that are also valid as historical facts:
- Epics and songs- Artifacts- Architecture- Memory
is someone who continuously pursues historical knowledge by answering questions about the past through gathering and interpreting historical evidences / sources
historian
cannot speak for themselves
Historical evidences / sources
(with historical components and importance)
HISTORICAL FACT
(plain facts in the past)
fact
According to _ – historical facts are determined by the historian
E.H Carr
consists of certain techniques and rules that historians follow to properly collect selected sources and historical evidences
Historical methodology
materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied
Primary Sources
Gottschalk defines it as “the testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness – that is of one who was not present at the event of which he tells”
Secondary Sources
“Knowing yourself means knowing what you can do; and since nobody knows what he can do until he tries, the only clue of what man can do is what man has done.The value of history, then, is that it teaches us what man has done and thus what man is.” by
R. G. Collingwood (History as a Science 2nd ed.)
The “history of history
Historiography
Demands that we think about how we learn and how we are taught about the past
Historiography
Not only concern with what happened in the past, we are now delving about how history is written and why it is written vthat way
Historiography
not necessarily the Filipino term for history
Kasaysayan
Refers to stories that were deemed sensible or significant to the community.
Kasaysayan
Stories that were transmitted orally in the forms of epics, songs, and rituals
Kasaysayan
(sense or significance)
SAYSAY
Unlike Western concept of history, _does not only deals with the records of past, but also to broader stories significant to the communities such as their experiences, legends, and epics that reflect certain communal, values, spiritualities, beliefs and worldviews
kasaysayan
The oral character of kasaysayan also rendered it wish sense of
dynamism
since stories of kasaysayan consisted of epics, legends, and myths which are considered mostly as fantastical and not factual, kasaysayan may be viewed by some as
unhistorical
is subjected to also change.
kasaysayan
Kasaysayan was disrupted upon
Spanish conquest
was also suppressed and replaced by new colonial systems and knowledge
Kasaysayan
The country’s history became the business of the
colonizers
The Spanish _ replaced the narrative of our civilization
‘historia’
was a narrative of the foreign colonizers regarding their observation, life and experiences in the islands.* It would also serve as articulation and justification of their policies, decisions, and overall attitude toward the natives
Historia
account published in 1604.
Pedro Chirino’s
The perspective that prevailed during this time was the
bipartite view
Divided the archipelago’s history into two general period:
darkness and light
before the arrival of theSpaniards, the native societies were uncivilized, barbaric and backward. They believe in false gods and deities
Period of Darkness:
the arrival of Spaniards, carving a civilization out of this wilderness and introducing the people to the one true Christian God
Period of Light:
will later be challenged by the following generation of natives and mestizos, who would reclaim the archipelago’s history.
bipartite view
By the mid-nineteenth century, a sector of the native and mestizo population was given a chance to acquire a certain level of education that accorded them the status of
“ilustrado” (the enlightened)
This enlightenment came from the _ they acquired in European or Philippine universities and schools; Universidad de Santo Tomas and Ateneo Municipal de Manila
liberal education
Their affluence and intelligence eventually led them to aspire for reforms in the colony
Ilustrados and the Katipunan
Their travels in Europe gave them exposure to ideas of freedom and equality, allowing them to reflect upon the colonial oppressions and injustices in their motherland.
Ilustrados and the Katipunan
Propaganda and reform movements developed.
Ilustrados and the Katipunan
subscribed to the Western notion of knowledge and history, they even wrote and spoke in the foreign language, but they were critical of what colonizers passed off as historical truths
Ilustrados
The perspective of the Ilustrados about our history is a
tripartite
a period of prosperity, a period of darkness, and a period of enlightenment.
tripartite:
before the arrival of the colonizers; native population enjoyed freedom in trading, equality among people, and dignity in their day-to-day lives
Period of Prosperity:
arrival of Spaniards; freedom and prosperity disappeared, and the native population were subjected to unjust taxation slave labor, repression, and discrimination in their own land
Period of Darkness:
envisioned by the Ilustrados once Spain gave the Filipino people equality and freedom
Period of Enlightenment:
–Filipinos mere reaction to a system of oppression is to be lazy / unmotivated.
Jose Rizal’s “Indolence of the Filipinos”
How could Indios cultivate their lands if they are sent elsewhere by the colonial government due to
forced labor.
Rizal implied, under enabling conditions, the _ are a very diligent and hardworking people
Indios
Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the secret brotherhood = _ was formed
the Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan naKatipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)
envisioned a complete revolution that would overthrow the colonial government
Katipunan
Filipinos turned into
“little brown Americans.
American occupation made _ available to nearly every Filipino
education
american Introduced new tradition of scholarship and historical writing primarily caused by the concept of
benevolent assimilation
Philippine-American war was known as
‘Philippine Insurrection’.
– synonymous with rebellion or revolt – people against legitimate authority
Insurrection
pioneered an intellectual movement in history that articulated views that are pro-Filipino, nationalist, progressive and hence, pro-people, pro-masses, and pro-poor
Teodoro Agoncillio, RenatoConstantino and Reynaldo Ileto
Philippine Historiography
- Kasaysayan* The Spaniard’s Bipartite View* Ilustrado’s Tripartite View* Katipunan’s Tripartite View* American Historiography of the Philippines* Philippine Nationalist Historiography
believe that fake news is a serious problem.
69% adult Filipinos
say it is difficult to spot fake news (historical distortion).
51% adult Filipinos
Involves reinterpretation of a historical event or presentation of new narratives based on newly unearthed facts, done in a scientific manner
Historical Revisionism
The presentation and involvement of new historical evidence.Verified by experts with validity
Historical Revisionism
Sometimes challenging orthodox views of the past – however must be logical, with flow / fluidity, and has a take-off point
Historical Revisionism
This involves taking into account new historical sources and evidences, new interpretations could produce novel understanding about certain events of the past
Historical Revisionism
Directed at whitewashing to fulfill political goals.
Negative Historical Revisionism
There is a trustworthy source –
mapagkakatiwalaang batis.
Oldest written source (artifacts) of Philippine history.
Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI)
Discovered in Laguna de Bay
Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI)
Dutch anthropologist _described it as: “a crumpled, blackened, thin piece of metal, 20 by 30 cm plate of copper fully covered on one side with an inscription in ten lines of finely written characters. Except for a damaged upper left corner, the plate appeared to be in perfect condition.”
Antoon Postma
May konsepto ng taon at panahon / There is expression of year and time
taong Siyaka822=
Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) Written in year _
900 CE (April 21, 900 by HectorSantos)
– namumuno sa buong sosyo-pulitikal (barangay, bayan, bayan, kaharian, karadyahan,sultanato).
Dato (hari, radya, sultan)
– nag-aalaga sa larangang ispirituwal
Babaylan (katalonan)
– nag-aalaga sa larangang material-teknikal
Panday
– katuwang ng dato sa pangangasiwa at pagpapanatiling kapayapaan sa kabuuang lipunan
Bayani
Proseso ng pagpili sa pamumuno –
pinakamatapang at matalino
, systema ng wika at ideolohiya
Mandala system
Paniniwala na ang mundong ginagalawan ay hindi lamang sa atin
(Hal. Tabi-tabi po)
Mga nanatili ang malayang pamumuno:
Muslim at etnikong namundukan.
nawalan ng kapangyarihan sa bagong sistema ngunit malakaspadin ang impluwensya (posong / kilusang bayanihan / pinuno ng rebelyon).
Bayani at babaylan:
– maglalakas-loob maging paring sekular, ilustrado, atpropagandista. Ang mga ito rin ang mag-aangat ngkonsepto/ideya ng nacion
Ladino
