HISTORY (MIDTERM) Flashcards
During the High Middle Ages(1050-1300 CE), a series of military expeditions called the _
Crusades
was launched from Christian Europe against the peoples of theNear East.
Crusades
Crusades Led to discovery and some products that were not available in Europe;
porcelain, silk, incense, herbs, perfumes, fabrics, carpets, spices
became the most expensive and in-demand commodity among the Europeans.
Spices
Many merchants aspired to _ their supply and distribution of spices in theEuropean market
monopolize
were deemed expensive and disrupted by wars, natural calamities and bandits
Trade routes
closed during the conquest by the OttomanEmpire of Constantinople in _ which forced European Kingdoms to look for ways to purchase spices directly from the source.
Spice Trade routes, 1453
Ocean as an area to look for
SpiceIslands (Moluccas)
Put up a maritime school that trained sailors who later discover an _– gave Portugal lots of economic benefits.
Eastern Sea Route via the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean
The marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King FerdinandII of Aragon occurred in _
1469
Spain financed the trans-Atlantic voyages of
Christopher Columbus
to go East by sailing Westward, a proposal thatPortugal refused to finance.
Ferdinand Magellan
Original Account by Antonio Pigafetta
Magellan’s Voyage Aroundthe World
is one of the most important primary sources in the study of pre-colonial Philippines
Pigafetta’s travelogue
By examining the document, it revealed not only how thePhilippine polities were during the pre-colonial but also how the _ from our native inhabitants
perspective of the Europeans are very much different
_ came to them and showed _ in seeing them
Nine men. joy and eagerness
Instead, Magellan asked for money for the needs of his ships and expressed they are
friends and not enemies.
The leader or the King of the Ballanghai sent his men to the ship of Magellan and offered a _, but Magellan refused.
bar of gold and chest of ginger
They then left the island on March 25, 1521, and recounted seeing two _ a longboat full of people in Mazzava / Mazaua
Ballanghai(balangay),
The fleet went to Humunu island (Homonhon), and there they found the first signs of gold on the island (the WateringPlace of Good Signs). They named the island with the nearby islands as the archipelago of
St. Lazarus
, the largest and the richest of the islands
Cebu
They went to the sick man and baptized him and Pigafetta recorded that the man was able to speak again –
Miracle
Magellan insisted that they should instead put their faith in
Jesus Christ
, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan), went to see Magellan and asked him for aboat full of men so that he could fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
Zula
Magellan offered _ instead and expressed his desire to go to Mactan himself to fight the said chief
three boats
They numbered _, and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number _
49 in total, 1500
Magellan’s forces arrived in Mactan in
daylight.
Magellan died through a
piercing of a poisoned arrow in his right leg
The King of Cebu offered gifts to Lapulapu in order to retrieve Magellan’s body ,but the chief refused as they wanted
to keep the body as a memento of their victory.
he was a chronicler commissioned by theKing of Spain to accompany and document a voyage intended to expand theSpanish empire
Pigafetta
He was also of noble descent who came from a wealthy family in Italy
Pigafetta
- the year Philippines became a Spanish colony
1565
He was known to have lived modestly and was concerned with the welfare of the Filipino; aside fromChristian doctrine, natives should be educated.* He suggested that through the process of compiling the Customs (of the Tagalogs).
Juan de Plasencia’s Custom of the Tagalogs
Written in 1589, it was the earliest descriptive written work on early Filipino society
Juan de Plasencia’s Custom of the Tagalogs
The socio-political structure of early Tagalogs was led by _, who also served as war captains. They lead several hundred houses also known collectively as
dato, barangay.
nobles or the
maharlica
commoners or the
aliping namamahay who served theirmaster
slaves or the
aliping sa guiguilir (saguiguilid) who also served their master, but they could be sold
Juan de Plasencia also expressed dismay about the culture on
debts and loans.
Believe in afterlife which they would go to the so-called
maca or paradise.
, which means a temple or place of adoration
simbahan
when they wished to celebrate a festival, which the called
pandot(worship)
the whole barangay, or family, united and joined in the worship which they call
nagaanitos
Among their many idols there was one called _, whom they especially worshiP
Badhala
Published in 1609 while he was reassigned in Mexico
Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas
was called to serve as assistant to the Governor-General in 1593
Antonio
He described, “natives throughout the islands can write excellently certain characters, almost like the Greek or Arabic
Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas
He also talked about chiefs, slaves, marriage, inheritance, loans, crimes, religions, the coming of Islam, and the arrival of the Spaniards and the foundation of Manila
Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas
The _ became the cabezas de barangay whose job is to collect taxes (tributo) to be paid to the encomendero
datus
On barangay and some of the justice system
Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas
The natives of these islands have also their personal services, which they are obliged to render – in some parts more than in others – to the Spaniards. These are done indifferent ways, and are commonly called the
POLO
Morga described some of the Philippine islands that have _ (and other commodities) that theSpaniards wanted to extract and sell
gold
calombigas
(bracelets)
where there is good gold mixed with copper. This commodity is also traded in the Ylocos
Camarines,
account showed an important shift in the native’s political system
Morga’s
Recounted the presence of what they called ‘Moros’ in the archipelago
Francisco de Sande’s Letter to Estevan Rodriguez deFigueroa
This is a letter from Governor Sande instructing Captain Figueroa to subdue the islands of _,
Jolo
an island known for extraordinary pearls dated May 23, 1578
Jolo
The purpose of the letter was to _ to add to the Spanish coffers
further the Spanish hold into Mindanao for potential revenues
In the letter, Sande spells out that the Moro’s belief (Islam) is
is evil, and Christianity alone is good
Thus, the Spaniards had the _to stop the spread of Islam and convert the inhabitants to Christianity
moral ascendancy
The Spaniards subdued most of Luzon and Visayas but
not so much of Muslim Mindanao
The revolution that signaled the end of the long Spanish era started in August 1896, upon the discovery of
Katipunan
– a secret organization led and founded by Andres Bonifacio in its early stages
KATIPUNAN
internal conflict in the movement escalated to the tragic execution of Bonifacio on _, and the leadership was taken over by
May 10, 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo.
(KKK)
Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
it envisioned a united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for the total independence of the country
kkk
The organization created a complex structure and a defined _ that would guide the organization as a _, which aspired for a _
value system, collective, single goal
One of the essential Katipunan documents was the
Kartilya ng Katipunan
(Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country)
Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga Anak Nang Bayan
wrote this document in 1896, at aged 18upon joining the movement. He was a law student a tUST
Emilio Jacinto
showed matured intellect despite being young and Bonifacio favored his Kartilya as a document to be distributed to fellow Katipuneros
Jacinto
to be the Secretary of the organization and also too kover leading its printing press -
Kalayaan
On _ – Jacinto was appointed by Bonifacio as a commander of the Katipunan in _
April 15, 1897, Northern Luzon
Jacinto died of
Malaria at age 24 in Magdalena, Laguna
The Kartilya can be treated as the
organization’s code of conduct
can be treated as the organization’s code of conduct
Kartilya
Kartilya contained _that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave and the values that he should uphold
14 rules
are rules that will make the member an upright individual
first group
includes rules that will guide the way they treat their fellow
second
The First code of conduct simple tells us that we must have a
purpose-driven life
II Kartilya means that
we must not be selfish
III Kartilya
It gives us the real definition of true act of kindness
4th rule highlights
EQUALITY
5th rule
honoring oneself
rule 6 tells us that
we must be a man of our own words
7th rule
Everyone must understand the importance of time
8th rule
We don’t have the same strengths but we can help one another
9th highlights the
importance of trust and confidentiality
10
All of us needs to be a model for everyone
11
principle is about women
12
Every action that any man do is important
13
having the right character and good values
last code of conduct shows the
desire of Emilio Aguinaldo
which determines the rules of conduct in the Katipunan
primary governing document,
the _ will also help us in understanding the values, ideals, aspirations, and even the ideology of the organization.
Kartilya
The current relevance of the Kartilya lies in the fact that it established not only the rules for the members of the organization but the principles for the citizens of a nation _
once independence is achieved
The imagination of the nation was mostly absent in the aspirations of the local revolts before Katipunan –
may iisang dalangin
did not envision a total separation of the Philippines from Spain
propaganda movement led by the Ilustrados such Marcelo H. del Pilar, GracianoLopez Jaena and Jose Rizal
They only demanded equal rights ,representation and protection from the abuses of the friars
propaganda movement led by the Ilustrados such Marcelo H. del Pilar, GracianoLopez Jaena and Jose Rizal
President of the Supreme Council;
Andres Bonifacio
faction emerged inside Katipunan
Magdalo and Magdiwang
was held in order to reconcile the differences between the two factions of the Katipunan
Tejeros Convention
, which viewed Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as its leader
Magdalo
, which gravitated towards Andres Bonifacio
Magdiwang
the Tejeros Convention Outcome venue
Casa Hacienda – General Trias, Cavite (former San Francisco de Malabon, Tejeros)
Emilio Aguinaldo:
146 / 256 votes
Andres Bonifacio:
81 / 256 votes
Mariano Trias:
29 / 256 votes
ridiculed Bonifacio’s election as Director of Interior and said the position should be for someone who has a law background
Daniel Tirona
This was seen as an _ by the others and Bonifacio was charged with refusing to recognize newly established Revolutionary Government.
act of treason /sedition
– Bonifacio wrote a letter to Emilio Jacinto mentioning that he was cheated at the Tejeros Convention
April 24, 1897
Aguinaldo was forced by advancing Spanish forces to retreat to the mountains of
Biak-na-Bato
Aguinaldo, along with several revolutionaries, convened a citizen’s assembly in order to draft a provisional constitution for the Philippines, which has come to be known as the
Constitution of Biak-na-Bato
In Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his companions established a _, which worked toward continuing the revolution and gaining freedom from the Spaniards
Junta
Philippine Independence was formally proclaimed on -, when Aguinaldo waved the flag in Kawit, Cavite ,and was declared dictator. There, thePhilippine National Anthem was also played for the first time
June 12, 1898
The constitution provided for three branches of government
Executive, Legislature, Judiciary
headed by the President and composed of department secretaries
Executive,
, headed by a Prime Minister and composed of delegates from provinces of the Philippines;
Legislature,
headed by the President of the Supreme Court and its Justices
Judiciary
