HISTORY (MIDTERM) Flashcards by mhegryan dognidon

During the High Middle Ages(1050-1300 CE), a series of military expeditions called the _

Crusades

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was launched from Christian Europe against the peoples of theNear East.

Crusades

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Crusades Led to discovery and some products that were not available in Europe;

porcelain, silk, incense, herbs, perfumes, fabrics, carpets, spices

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became the most expensive and in-demand commodity among the Europeans.

Spices

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Many merchants aspired to _ their supply and distribution of spices in theEuropean market

monopolize

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were deemed expensive and disrupted by wars, natural calamities and bandits

Trade routes

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closed during the conquest by the OttomanEmpire of Constantinople in _ which forced European Kingdoms to look for ways to purchase spices directly from the source.

Spice Trade routes, 1453

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Ocean as an area to look for

SpiceIslands (Moluccas)

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Put up a maritime school that trained sailors who later discover an _– gave Portugal lots of economic benefits.

Eastern Sea Route via the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean

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The marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King FerdinandII of Aragon occurred in _

1469

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Spain financed the trans-Atlantic voyages of

Christopher Columbus

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to go East by sailing Westward, a proposal thatPortugal refused to finance.

Ferdinand Magellan

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Original Account by Antonio Pigafetta

Magellan’s Voyage Aroundthe World

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is one of the most important primary sources in the study of pre-colonial Philippines

Pigafetta’s travelogue

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By examining the document, it revealed not only how thePhilippine polities were during the pre-colonial but also how the _ from our native inhabitants

perspective of the Europeans are very much different

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_ came to them and showed _ in seeing them

Nine men. joy and eagerness

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Instead, Magellan asked for money for the needs of his ships and expressed they are

friends and not enemies.

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The leader or the King of the Ballanghai sent his men to the ship of Magellan and offered a _, but Magellan refused.

bar of gold and chest of ginger

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They then left the island on March 25, 1521, and recounted seeing two _ a longboat full of people in Mazzava / Mazaua

Ballanghai(balangay),

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The fleet went to Humunu island (Homonhon), and there they found the first signs of gold on the island (the WateringPlace of Good Signs). They named the island with the nearby islands as the archipelago of

St. Lazarus

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, the largest and the richest of the islands

Cebu

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They went to the sick man and baptized him and Pigafetta recorded that the man was able to speak again –

Miracle

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Magellan insisted that they should instead put their faith in

Jesus Christ

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, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan), went to see Magellan and asked him for aboat full of men so that he could fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu).

Zula

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Magellan offered _ instead and expressed his desire to go to Mactan himself to fight the said chief

three boats

They numbered _, and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number _

49 in total, 1500

Magellan’s forces arrived in Mactan in

daylight.

Magellan died through a

piercing of a poisoned arrow in his right leg

The King of Cebu offered gifts to Lapulapu in order to retrieve Magellan’s body ,but the chief refused as they wanted

to keep the body as a memento of their victory.

he was a chronicler commissioned by theKing of Spain to accompany and document a voyage intended to expand theSpanish empire

Pigafetta

He was also of noble descent who came from a wealthy family in Italy

Pigafetta

- the year Philippines became a Spanish colony

1565

He was known to have lived modestly and was concerned with the welfare of the Filipino; aside fromChristian doctrine, natives should be educated.* He suggested that through the process of compiling the Customs (of the Tagalogs).

Juan de Plasencia’s Custom of the Tagalogs

Written in 1589, it was the earliest descriptive written work on early Filipino society

Juan de Plasencia’s Custom of the Tagalogs

The socio-political structure of early Tagalogs was led by _, who also served as war captains. They lead several hundred houses also known collectively as

dato, barangay.

nobles or the

maharlica

commoners or the

aliping namamahay who served theirmaster

slaves or the

aliping sa guiguilir (saguiguilid) who also served their master, but they could be sold

Juan de Plasencia also expressed dismay about the culture on

debts and loans.

Believe in afterlife which they would go to the so-called

maca or paradise.

, which means a temple or place of adoration

simbahan

when they wished to celebrate a festival, which the called

pandot(worship)

the whole barangay, or family, united and joined in the worship which they call

nagaanitos

Among their many idols there was one called _, whom they especially worshiP

Badhala

Published in 1609 while he was reassigned in Mexico

Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas

was called to serve as assistant to the Governor-General in 1593

Antonio

He described, “natives throughout the islands can write excellently certain characters, almost like the Greek or Arabic

Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas

He also talked about chiefs, slaves, marriage, inheritance, loans, crimes, religions, the coming of Islam, and the arrival of the Spaniards and the foundation of Manila

Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas

The _ became the cabezas de barangay whose job is to collect taxes (tributo) to be paid to the encomendero

datus

On barangay and some of the justice system

Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas

The natives of these islands have also their personal services, which they are obliged to render – in some parts more than in others – to the Spaniards. These are done indifferent ways, and are commonly called the

POLO

Morga described some of the Philippine islands that have _ (and other commodities) that theSpaniards wanted to extract and sell

gold

calombigas

(bracelets)

where there is good gold mixed with copper. This commodity is also traded in the Ylocos

Camarines,

account showed an important shift in the native’s political system

Morga’s

Recounted the presence of what they called ‘Moros’ in the archipelago

Francisco de Sande’s Letter to Estevan Rodriguez deFigueroa

This is a letter from Governor Sande instructing Captain Figueroa to subdue the islands of _,

Jolo

an island known for extraordinary pearls dated May 23, 1578

Jolo

The purpose of the letter was to _ to add to the Spanish coffers

further the Spanish hold into Mindanao for potential revenues

In the letter, Sande spells out that the Moro’s belief (Islam) is

is evil, and Christianity alone is good

Thus, the Spaniards had the _to stop the spread of Islam and convert the inhabitants to Christianity

moral ascendancy

The Spaniards subdued most of Luzon and Visayas but

not so much of Muslim Mindanao

The revolution that signaled the end of the long Spanish era started in August 1896, upon the discovery of

Katipunan

– a secret organization led and founded by Andres Bonifacio in its early stages

KATIPUNAN

internal conflict in the movement escalated to the tragic execution of Bonifacio on _, and the leadership was taken over by

May 10, 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo.

(KKK)

Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

it envisioned a united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for the total independence of the country

kkk

The organization created a complex structure and a defined _ that would guide the organization as a _, which aspired for a _

value system, collective, single goal

One of the essential Katipunan documents was the

Kartilya ng Katipunan

(Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country)

Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga Anak Nang Bayan

wrote this document in 1896, at aged 18upon joining the movement. He was a law student a tUST

Emilio Jacinto

showed matured intellect despite being young and Bonifacio favored his Kartilya as a document to be distributed to fellow Katipuneros

Jacinto

to be the Secretary of the organization and also too kover leading its printing press -

Kalayaan

On _ – Jacinto was appointed by Bonifacio as a commander of the Katipunan in _

April 15, 1897, Northern Luzon

Jacinto died of

Malaria at age 24 in Magdalena, Laguna

The Kartilya can be treated as the

organization’s code of conduct

can be treated as the organization’s code of conduct

Kartilya

Kartilya contained _that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave and the values that he should uphold

14 rules

are rules that will make the member an upright individual

first group

includes rules that will guide the way they treat their fellow

second

The First code of conduct simple tells us that we must have a

purpose-driven life

II Kartilya means that

we must not be selfish

III Kartilya

It gives us the real definition of true act of kindness

4th rule highlights

EQUALITY

5th rule

honoring oneself

rule 6 tells us that

we must be a man of our own words

7th rule

Everyone must understand the importance of time

8th rule

We don’t have the same strengths but we can help one another

9th highlights the

importance of trust and confidentiality

All of us needs to be a model for everyone

principle is about women

Every action that any man do is important

having the right character and good values

last code of conduct shows the

desire of Emilio Aguinaldo

which determines the rules of conduct in the Katipunan

primary governing document,

the _ will also help us in understanding the values, ideals, aspirations, and even the ideology of the organization.

Kartilya

The current relevance of the Kartilya lies in the fact that it established not only the rules for the members of the organization but the principles for the citizens of a nation _

once independence is achieved

The imagination of the nation was mostly absent in the aspirations of the local revolts before Katipunan –

may iisang dalangin

did not envision a total separation of the Philippines from Spain

propaganda movement led by the Ilustrados such Marcelo H. del Pilar, GracianoLopez Jaena and Jose Rizal

They only demanded equal rights ,representation and protection from the abuses of the friars

propaganda movement led by the Ilustrados such Marcelo H. del Pilar, GracianoLopez Jaena and Jose Rizal

President of the Supreme Council;

Andres Bonifacio

faction emerged inside Katipunan

Magdalo and Magdiwang

was held in order to reconcile the differences between the two factions of the Katipunan

Tejeros Convention

, which viewed Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as its leader

Magdalo

, which gravitated towards Andres Bonifacio

Magdiwang

the Tejeros Convention Outcome venue

Casa Hacienda – General Trias, Cavite (former San Francisco de Malabon, Tejeros)

Emilio Aguinaldo:

146 / 256 votes

Andres Bonifacio:

81 / 256 votes

Mariano Trias:

29 / 256 votes

ridiculed Bonifacio’s election as Director of Interior and said the position should be for someone who has a law background

Daniel Tirona

This was seen as an _ by the others and Bonifacio was charged with refusing to recognize newly established Revolutionary Government.

act of treason /sedition

– Bonifacio wrote a letter to Emilio Jacinto mentioning that he was cheated at the Tejeros Convention

April 24, 1897

Aguinaldo was forced by advancing Spanish forces to retreat to the mountains of

Biak-na-Bato

Aguinaldo, along with several revolutionaries, convened a citizen’s assembly in order to draft a provisional constitution for the Philippines, which has come to be known as the

Constitution of Biak-na-Bato

In Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his companions established a _, which worked toward continuing the revolution and gaining freedom from the Spaniards

Junta

Philippine Independence was formally proclaimed on -, when Aguinaldo waved the flag in Kawit, Cavite ,and was declared dictator. There, thePhilippine National Anthem was also played for the first time

June 12, 1898

The constitution provided for three branches of government

Executive, Legislature, Judiciary

headed by the President and composed of department secretaries

Executive,

, headed by a Prime Minister and composed of delegates from provinces of the Philippines;

Legislature,

headed by the President of the Supreme Court and its Justices

Judiciary

HISTORY (MIDTERM) Flashcards

(121 cards)