history of violence

Question 1

Explain in which historical/social context the butter knife was introduced.

Answer 1

There is no country, only kingdoms. People are killing each other and the only person who united those people was the pope. The pope wanted to arrange meetings with people from other religions, but his knights kept getting in fights, hence murdering people. He decided he wouldn’t let them bring their ar knife to dinner: but what about food? butter knife

Question 2

What was the 30 years war? Name something that their society didn’t have, that may have resulted in this abusive use of violence.

Answer 2

Started has a war between Catholics and Protestants. But eventually, it was less about religion, more about who would have control over Europe. This war was basically a bunch of mercernaries raping and killing people because there was not legitimate monopoly on violence. They would kill everyone in villages and they would take an ear per person as proof.

Question 3

Explain what is a failed-state/non-state and why those places are more dangerous then states.

Answer 3

They are states or group that either isn’t governed by a state or is completely shitty at being a state.

1. Social bodies that tend to resolve disputes are small or non-existent
2. No legitimate monopoly on violence.

Question 4

Name two norms (related to violence) that changed with agriculture.

Answer 4

1. companies would hire armies to kill competition

2. Police, centralized economy were rare.

Question 5

What was Pinker’s analysis on the use of violence over time?

Answer 5

He says that all forms of violence have diminshed over the last 75 000 years. Now it is at it’s historical lowest.

Question 6

Why do we use rates over number? Explain with example of war.

Answer 6

We can know, at this precise time, what were your chances of getting killed. It is more representative of how deadly was something, because the population is increasing. For example, in number of death, WW2 was the worst. But in rates, the 30 year war/Lushan Revolt was the worst (10% of population).

Question 7

How were wars before the 30 years war?

Answer 7

between tribal groups and non-states.

Question 8

What is the difference between violence in a state vs non-state?

Answer 8

Wars between states are less worst then between non-states. Living in a state is 5x less dangerous then in a non-state.

Question 9

What is the difference between the number of homicide in a state vs non-state

Answer 9

About 10x worst in a non-state. 10% chance of dying of homicide in a non-state.

Question 10

What is the rate of homicide in Europe (20th century) vs non-state?

Answer 10

40-100 times lower.

Question 11

What happened to the homicide rate in Europe in the last 700 years?

Answer 11

Down by 10%.

Question 12

What is the influence of money in homicide (killing someone) rate before 1750 and after?

Answer 12

Before 1750- as likely

After- more $ = less likely

Question 13

What happened to torture in time? Who was the last country to abolish it?

Answer 13

It decreased-at least in public

Russia was the last to abolish it

Question 14

When did the death penalty started to go drasticly down?

Answer 14

1950

Question 15

The US still has th death penalty, but it went drasticly down- by how much since 1999?

Answer 15

50%

Question 16

What crimes used to be punished with the death penalty, what crimes are punished now, and what does it say about the use of violence?

Answer 16

Used to be for lethal crimes, now only the worst crimes (treason, murder)

Question 17

What else changed in the use of violence related to the death penalty?

Answer 17

Now, it is not painful and not in public. Used to be common public hanging (1920).

Question 18

Why has the violence level gone down? 3

Answer 18

1) Leviathan: law is better than war between individuals. Conflicts used to be agressor vs victim resulting in lots of violence. Now There is someone in the middle. Leviathan uses more violence than citizen making them fear it.
2) Civilizing process: (butter knife). Practice people to be polite and have good manners like a muscle, helps control the anger of psycopath with knives.
3) Gentle Commerce: We realize that we gain more without killing a potential trader. You can access permanent smaller gains, legitimage monopoly on violence, without having Paul, the guy you threned to kill hire mercenaries to kill you.

Question 19

Who inventer the “platonic “ theorie of justice?

Answer 19

The greek thinker Plato

Question 20

Explain, briefly what the Platonic theorie of justice meatn for the individual and the state.

Answer 20

The individual is to fuffil the duties of his station, not other’s station.
The state is to create conditions for individuals may best fuffil station.

Question 21

In the Platonic theorie of justice, we say: Non-interference in the social contract’s legitimacy, what do we mean?

Answer 21

That someone who isnt in jail pays taxes, and that they are bound to follow the rules. We should put someone back to work as soon as possible so they can go back to help society and pay taxes.

Question 22

What does the Platonic theorie of justice says about the choice of station, what should be done to do so?

Answer 22

Ideally, all individuals would fuffil the station in which they are the best at at, and would choose this said station. The state, concequently, must ensure that people do what they are best at, therefore giving them the tools (free/affordable education).

Question 23

When does the state interferes in the platonic theorie of justice? Why?

Answer 23

Only to ensure that everyone is doing what they are best at and what they wish to do. People who are dead or in jail dont pay taxes, and people who get their stuff stolen cant work.

Question 24

When was the first time the Retrive theorie of justice and what did it meant at that time?

Answer 24

Code of Hammurabi - an eye for an eye.

Question 25

On what is based the retrive theorie of justice? What does this theorie mean?

Answer 25

Based on violence, revenge and primary punishments- not rehabilitation.

Question 26

What is the goal of the Retrive theorie of justice?

Answer 26

Agony. Death is not goal.

Question 27

In what scenario is the Retrive theorie of justice effective?

Answer 27

Social Cohesion. Because it has extrem, severe and often public punishments.

Question 28

What punishment used today enters the category of the retrive theory of justice?

Answer 28

Death penalty - no rehabilitation

Question 29

What is the last theory of justice.

1) Platonic
2) retrive

Answer 29

3) Restroative theory of justice

Question 30

What is the goal of the restorative theory of justice?

Answer 30

Reparing harm by rehabilitating the offender, the damage he/she had done and apologizing. We want to change the person, fix them.

Question 31

What kind of punishements are done in the Restorative theory of justice>

Answer 31

Paying fines, public humiliation, communyity service. Opposed to harsh punishments - still jail but minimum sentence. make te person apologize and say it was wrong.