History of Osteopathy Flashcards
Joseph Lister, 1827-1912
father of antiseptic surgery
reduced surgical mortality from 45% to 15%
Ingaz Semmelweiss, 1818-1865
obstetrical clinic decreased mortality by 90% through handwashing
John Snow, 1813-1880
used epidemiology to trace source of cholera outbreak in london in 1854
William Budd, 1811-1880
used epidemiology to prove cholera came from contaminated water source in Bristol
germ theory
replaced Miasma theory
thucydides
460-400 BC - disease spread from person to person by “seeds”
Louis Pasteur
discredited spontaneous generation
Robert Koch
isolated anthrax
Nils Finsen, 1860-1904
used UV light in medicine
Wilhelm Rontgen
first to systematically study XR
used diagnostically in 1896
William Halstead
meticulous in surgery
first used sterile rubber gloves in surgery in 1890
When did local anesthetics become popular?
late 1800s
When and where was AT Still born?
August 6, 1828 in Lee County, Virginia
AT Still parents’ names? What did they do? When did they move and where?
Abram - Methodist Circuit Rider and Physician
Martha - uneducated, but wanted better for children
1830s to Missouri
How did AT Still learn medicine?
apprenticeship with little formal class time
What were some examples of medicine when AT Still started?
alcohol, morphine, mercury, bleeding
What did AT Still do in 1839?
made a rope swing to treat headaches
When did AT Still marry Mary Margaret Vaughn?
1849
What did AT Still do in 1850?
took over mission in Eudora, KS
What did AT Still do in 1855?
studied anatomy in Indian cadavers after a cholera epidemic (with tribal permission)
What did AT Still do in 1857?
elected to Kansas Legislature and was active in anti-slavery movement
When did Margaret die leaving AT Still with 3 children?
1859
What did AT Still do in 1860?
marry Mary Elvira Turner
What did AT Still do 1861-1864?
fought in Civil War (union) with the highest rank of Major
What did AT Still do in 1864?
Battle of Westport
What happened in Still’s personal life in 1864 causing him to return home and think about medicine?
3 of his children died from spinal meningitis and another died from pneumonia 1 month later
10 AM June 22, 1874
“AT Still flung the banner of osteopathy to the breeze”
When did AT Still present his new ideas to Baker University?
1874
When was AT Still “read out” of the Methodist church?
1874
When was the first recorded Osteopathic Treatment and where?
1874 in Macon, MO
What did AT Still do in 1875?
moved his family to Kirksville, MO and works as a traveling physician
What did AT Still do in 1885?
coins the term “osteopathy”
When did the American School of Osteopathy open? How many men and women in the class?
1892, 17 men and 5 women
What happened in 1900?
700 students with 18 faculty. largest school of healing arts in the country. 12 or more sister schools started by graduates.
What happened in 1897?
Autobiography of AT Still is published
What was published in 1899?
Philosophy of Osteopathy
What was published in 1910?
Research and Practice
When did Mary Elvira Still die?
1910
When did AT Still, MD, DO die?
1917
What are the four osteopathic principles?
- the body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit
- the body is capable of self regulation, self healing, and health maintenance
- structure and function are reciprocally interrelated
- rational treatment is based on an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function
What state first legally licensed DOs? When? Second state?
Vermont, 1896
North Dakota
When did Missouri grand DOs licensure?
1897
When did the AAAO become the American Osteopathic Association?
1901
When was the American Association for Advancement of Osteopathy (AAAO) founded?
1897
Dr. Abraham Flexner, 1910
traveled to all medical schools in US with harsh criticism of MD and DO. Encouraged clinical rotations. Many schools closed or merged. 8 DO schools remained. State licensing boards began enforcing stricter requirements.
When did Osteopathy become a 4 year curriculum?
1915
What happened in 1916 with regards to DO schools?
AOA revoked ban on teaching pharmacology
When was Kansas City College of Osteopathy and Surgery established? by who?
1916
AA Kaiser, DO and George Conley, DO
What happened 1917-1918?
Influenza pandemic
30 million died worldwide in 6 months
50-100 million died 1918-1920
500 million people infected
What happened in 1922?
AMA declared it unethical for MDs to associate with DOs and labeled them a cult
What school was formed in 1926?
Kirksville College of Osteopathy and Surgery by merging ASO and AT Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery
What happened in 1929?
AOA allows teaching of pharmacology under “comparative therapuetics”
When was the first inspection and approval of osteopathic hospitals for internships?
1936 - 18 hospitals with 81 programs
When was the low point in enrollment?
1945
When were osteopathic residencies approved?
1947
What was the Cline Committee?
In 1955 AMA inspected osteopathic colleges. medical education is comparable, but the facilities were inadequate. Recommends removal of “cult” label.
When did AMA policy change to allow and encourage DOs to enter AMA approved internships and residencies?
1964
What was the California incident?
In 1961 a California public referendum prohibited the granting of licenses to DOs in the state. DOs who agreed to change were able to obtain an MD degree by attending 12 saturday classes and paying $65. 85% of practicing DOs traded for MD degrees, but not recognized outside CA. Resumed DO licensing in 1974.
What was the last state to grant DO license?
Mississippi in 1973
When did KCCOS change the name to University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine?
1980
How many osteopathic medical schools and locations are there today?
33, 48
When did congress legalize DOs to serve in civil service and armed forces?
1957
Harry J Walter
first commissioned DO into the armed forces
When was the Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons (AMOPS) formed?
1977
Rear Admiral Louis H Eske DO
first flag officer in the medical corps of military service
Lieutenant General Ronald R Blank DO
1996-2000 past surgeon general of Army
Jeanette Bolles DO
first woman to receive the DO degree
vice president of AAAO
When was Osteopathic Women’s National Association (OWNA) founded?
1920s
Louisa Burns, 1870-1958
teacher from indiana that had spinal meningitis
treated successfully with osteopathy
published several books
worked in histology and postulated the connective tissue model for somatic dysfunction
Mamie Johnston, 1889-1986
first graduate from KCCOS in 1917
medical curriculum changed to 4 years, so she went back to complete another year
1919 joined KCU faculty
retired in 1918
Barbara Ross-Lee
fist female dean of a medical college - Ohio University Herritage College of Osteopathic Medicine
first osteopathic physician to win Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Fellowship
2001 CP of NY Institute of Technology Health Sciences and Medical Affairs
2002 Dean of New York College of Osteopathic Medicine
When was the National Osteopathic Women Physicians Association established?
1988
Marcelino Oliva, 1935-2011
cuban born graduate of KCU
President of Florida Osteopathic Medical association
First minority AOA president 1988-1989
William G Anderson
associate dean of AT Still University
big in the civil rights movement
AOA president 1994-1995
board of trustees for 20 years
