HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

Question 1

study of microorganisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters

Answer 1

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 2

includes viruses which are microscopic but acellular

Answer 2

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 3

Sub-disciplines of Microbiology

Answer 3

•Bacteriology
•Parasitology
•Virology
•Mycology

Question 4

more than _____ of body cells are microbes

Answer 4

90%

Question 5

•English scientist
•coined the word “cells”
•wrote the book “Micrographia”

Answer 5

Robert Hooke

Question 6

used compound microscope

Answer 6

Robert Hooke

Question 7

marked the beginning of Cell Theory
“all living things are composed of cells”

Answer 7

Robert Hooke

Question 8

designed and used the compound microscope

Answer 8

Robert Hooke

Question 9

the one who made the compound microscope

Answer 9

Cristopher Koch

Question 10

Father of Microbiology

Answer 10

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 11

a Dutch glass merchant and scientist
that invented the first simple microscope

Answer 11

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 12

discovered bacteria, protists, sperm cells, blood cells - “animalcules”

Answer 12

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 13

wrote series of letters to Royal Society of London describing the he saw through his microscope

Answer 13

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 14

an English naturalist & priest that is a strong proponent of Spontaneous Generation Theory

Answer 14

John Needham

Question 15

challenged Redi’s experiment

Answer 15

John Needham

Question 16

used a flask and a nutrient fluids(chicken broth) and heated it. He claimed that “microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids”

Answer 16

John Needham

Question 17

•Italian scientist
•suggested that microorganisms from air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

Answer 17

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 18

experimented that broth heated after being SEALED in flask did not develop microbial growth

Answer 18

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 19

• claimed “vital force” had been destroyed by heat & was kept out of flasks by seals
• criticized that there was not enough oxygen in sealed flasks to support microbial life

Answer 19

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 20

Living cells can arise only from pre existing living cells

Answer 20

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 21

Introduced the theory of biogenesis

Answer 21

Rudolf Virchow

Question 22

Aside from Rudolf Virchow, Theory of Biogenesis is also supported by _____

Answer 22

Louis Pasteur

Question 23

a French chemist and microbiologist that demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air and that it can contaminate sterile solutions but air itself does not give rise to microbial life

Answer 23

Louis Pasteur

Question 24

______ showed that microorganisms can be present in non-living matter – on solids, in liquids, and in air.

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

_____ demonstrated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments.

Answer 25

Louis Pasteur

Question 26

These discoveries form the basis of aseptic techniques

Answer 26

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 27

experiments with swan-necked flasks

Answer 27

Louis Pasteur

Question 28

Golden Age of Microbiology

Answer 28

1857 – 1914

Question 29

Golden Age of Microbiology discovered:

Answer 29

1. establishment of microbiology as a science 2. discoveries of agents of many diseases 3. relationships between microorganisms & disease 4. role of immunity in prevention and cure of disease 5. studied chemical activities of microorganisms 6. improved techniques for microscopy & culture of microorganisms 7. developed vaccines & surgical techniques

Question 30

many scientists believed that air converted sugars in these fluids into alcohol

Answer 30

Fermentation & Pasteurization

Question 31

Spontaneous Generation Theory was introduced by ____________

Answer 31

Aristotle

Question 32

Spontaneous Generation Theory believes that:

Answer 32

1. aphids arise from dew which falls on plants 2. fleas from putrid matter 3. mice from dirty hay

Question 33

“life arise from nonliving matter”

Answer 33

Spontaneous Generation Theory

Question 34

an italian physician, naturalist & poet and the first to formally challenge spontaneous generation theory

Answer 34

Francesco Redi

Question 35

original vessels on display at Pasteur Institute in Paris still show no signs of contamination more than 100 years later

Answer 35

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 36

many scientists believed that air converted sugars in these fluids into _____

Answer 36

alcohol

Question 37

______ found instead that microorganisms (Yeast) convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air.

Answer 37

Pasteur

Question 38

Pasteur found instead that microorganisms (Yeast) convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of ______.

Answer 38

air

Question 39

with presence of ___, bacteria change alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (HAc)

Answer 39

air

Question 40

now commonly used to kill potentially harmful bacteria in MILK

Answer 40

PASTEURIZATION

Question 40

with presence of air, bacteria change alcohol in the beverage into ________

Answer 40

vinegar (HAc)

Question 40

souring and spoiling, which occur late, are caused by a different group of microorganisms, which are bacteria

Answer 40

Fermentation & Pasteurization

Question 41

Pasteur’s solution to spoilage it to __________ just enough to kill most of the bacteria

Answer 41

heat alcohol (55 - 60 degree celcius)

Question 42

“specific microorganism causes specific infectious disease”

Answer 42

The Germ Theory of Disease

Question 43

In 1865, Louis Pasteur discovered the _________ disease

Answer 43

silkworm disease

Question 43

In 1835, Agostino Bassi another silkworm disease caused by a _____

Answer 43

fungus

Question 43

silkworm disease is a type of disease that is ________

Answer 43

infectious

Question 43

______ proponent of Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 43

Louis Pasteur

Question 43

The first scientifically proven problem in heredity and contigent

Answer 43

silkworm disease

Question 44

In 1835, _______ another silkworm disease caused by a fungus

Answer 44

Agostino Bassi

Question 44

In 1860s, Joseph Lister developed ______ technique

Answer 44

antisepsis /antiseptic

Question 45

In 1860s, ________ developed antisepsis /antiseptic technique

Answer 45

Joseph Lister

Question 46

Ignaz Semmelweis is the father of _________

Answer 46

father of Handwashing

Question 47

German scientist that discovered that Bacillus anthracis produces spores & can resist adverse conditions

Answer 47

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 48

developed method of fixing, staining & photographing bacteria

Answer 48

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 49

discovered Myobacterium tuberculosis and V. cholerae

Answer 49

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 49

developed methods of culturing bacteria on solid media

Answer 49

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 49

he worked on tuberculin (protein derived from M. tuberculosis) used in skin test to diagnose TB

Answer 49

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 50

contributed to germ theory of diseases through “Koch’s Postulates”

Answer 50

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 51

a series of experimental procedure to prove that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease

Answer 51

“Koch’s Postulates”

Question 52

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 52

1. A particular organism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans. 2. The microorganisms must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in a pure culture in the laboratory. 3. The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from pure culture are inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal. 4. The same microorganisms must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in a pure

Question 53

A particular organism must be found in _______ and _______ in healthy animals or humans.

Answer 53

all cases of the disease; must not be present

Question 54

The microorganisms must be ________ animal or human and grown in a pure culture in the laboratory.

Answer 54

isolated from the diseased

Question 55

The ______ must be produced when microorganisms from pure culture are inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal.

Answer 55

same disease

Question 56

Certain pathogens will not grow on artificial media like:

Answer 56

1. viruses, rickettsias, chlamydias 2. Mycobacterium leprae; Treponema pallidum

Question 57

In Koch’s Postulates Exemptions, Many pathogens are _________

Answer 57

species-specific.

Question 58

In Koch’s Postulates Exemptions, Synergistic infections are caused by _________

Answer 58

combined effects of 2 or more different microorganisms.

Question 59

In Koch’s Postulates Exemptions, certain pathogens become ______. Some become less pathogenic, while others become nonpathogenic. Thus, they will no longer infect animals after being cultured on artificial media.

Answer 59

altered when grown in vitro

Question 60

the type Koch used to photograph B. anthracis

Answer 60

Vertical photomicroscopic apparatus

Question 60

What are the Theories discovered during the Golden Age of Microbiology

Answer 60

1. Fermentation & Pasteurization 2. The Germ Theory of Disease 3.

Question 61

Spontaneous Generation Theory, he believed that maggots come from flies.

Answer 61

Francesco Redi