History of globalization Flashcards
The main interpretations of globalization
a. Globalization – continuity of change.
b. Liberalization – “open” and “borderless” world economy.
c. Internalization – growth of transactions and interdependency between states.
d. Universalization – process of spreading various objects and experiences to all inhabited parts of land.
e. Westernization – spreading concepts of modernity to entire humanity, destruction of local autonomies and pre-existent cultures.
f. Respatialization
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire was built by the Turkish tribes in Anatolia, and it developed into the greatest state of 15th and 16th centuries due to its control over worlds most important trade routes and perfect military system. In 1453 they conquered Constantinople. Special army – Janissaries. In the second half of 16th century, it came under the influence of inflation and rising cost of warfare, which had an impact on Europe and Middle East. In 17th century Ottoman Empire had the advantage because of its large territory. Fell in 1918
Mughal Empire
The reason of the powerfulness of Mughal Empire is that they put a great use to India’s resources and also, they supported a very rich Muslim-dominated trade route which was in the Indian ocean. Mughals are known for their highly organized administrative system which helped them to rule India for two centuries. The main income of Mughals were agriculture taxes. By the 17th century they started cultivating two crops brought from America: tobacco and corn.
China
The reason of success of China was the Silk Road. It gave working opportunities to the people of lower status and also helped to spread Buddhism. It was a global trading route which connected Asia with Europe. In 16th century the development of manufacturing of such things as textiles and porcelain contributed to a great prosperity and rise of more educated people. China’s advantage was that its people were very obedient and had a lot of new inventions.
Charles Tilly explanation of the nation-state’s evolution
Tilly famously remarked, “War made the state, and the state made war.” Per Tilly, the state developed largely because of “state-makers” who sought to extract resources from the people under their control so they could continue fighting wars.
Tilly 1990 argues that war is a fundamental strategy of state-making, and that states and state agents are often the primary perpetrators of violence.
Spain and Portugal colonial empires in 16th century
In the early 16th century, thanks to their superior navigational skills, the Portuguese were able to create the largest trading and maritime empire the world had ever seen. In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias reached the southernmost part of Africa, and Vasco da Gama started trading with India in 1498. Due to the need to protect trade routes from both Europeans and Asians, the Portuguese dominated not only trade between the two continents but also between Asian regions such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. It stretched from South America to the Far East, as well as along the coasts of Africa and India.
The Spanish Empire became the foremost global power, dominating the oceans as well as European battlefields. Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when silver and gold from American mines increasingly financed a long series of European and North African wars. In search of treasures, Hernan Cortes brought his conquistadors to Central America. The Spaniards were few, but they had horses and guns unknown to the Indians. Many Indians died in the war, many of them were turned into slaves, the Aztec and Mayan states ceased to exist. The conquistadors, having settled in Central America, created on this land colonial countries subordinate to the Spanish king. They brought here the Spanish language, the Christian religion, their customs. On the site of the capital of the Aztecs, the largest city of the Earth grew - Mexico City, the capital of the country of Mexico.
Conquistadors headed by Francisco Pizarro went to the rich country of the Incas. In the ancient land of the Incas, new Spanish colonies arose
The main reasons of the fall of Spanish colonial Empire:
* Wrong fiscal and economic policies
* Unreasonable foreign policy
* Huge ambitions
The significance of The Thirty Years’ War and Peace of Westphalia (1648) for International Relations.
The Thirty Years’ War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history
The Peace of Westphalia, concluded in 1648 in Münster (Germany), ended the Thirty Years’ War, which started with an anti-Habsburg revolt in Bohemia in 1618 but became an entanglement of different conflicts concerning the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, religion, and the state system of Europe.
Reasons:
The Thirty Years War began as a religious war, fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants in Germany. It developed into a political struggle between the Catholic Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire (Austria, most of the German princes and occasionally Spain).
Purpose of the threaty of Westphalia:
The concepts of state sovereignty, mediation between nations, and diplomacy all find their origins in the text of this treaty.
Result:
As a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, the Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.
Europe and New Monarchies in 16th century
New monarchies began to appear from around 1450
1. France (is a classic example of a new monarchy. King Louis is often considered as the founder of the modernizing French state)
2. Hungary (became a dominant state in East Europe)
3. Spanish Kingdom
4. Poland-Lithuania (the largest state in Europe)
5. England
Pentarchy system in Europe and balance of power (18th century)
In the 16th and 17th centuries, English foreign policy strove to prevent a creation of a single universal monarchy in Europe, which many believed France or Spain might attempt to create. To maintain the balance of power, the English made alliances with other states to counter the perceived threat.
In the 18th century, this led to the stately quadrille, with the major European powers of that century—the Netherland (Holland), Prussia, Great Britain, Austria, France—changing alliances multiple times to prevent the hegemony of one nation or alliance.
The Netherlands:
Had a “Golden Age” in the 17th century, with Amsterdam the richest city. Around 1700, the Dutch were the richest country per capita in Europe, profiting by foreign trade (from Baltic Sea to New Amsterdam (New York), Cape Town and the East Indies).
During the eighteenth century, the power, wealth, and influence of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbours weakened it.
Great Britain:
Why Britain became so powerful in the 18th century?
Great Britain was the world’s first industrial nation, because of its nave and merchant fleet. The country’s initial manufacturing boom had been driven by the cotton trade.
Prussia:
Prussia entered the ranks of the great powers shortly after becoming a kingdom. It became increasingly large and powerful in the 18th and 19th centuries. It had a major voice in European affairs under the reign of Frederick the Great (1740–1786).
In the 18th century Prussia became a real military camp where everyone works for the army. The peasants were soldiers in the army and supported the army by their products, manufacturers provided the army with clothing and arms and nobles who were at Military Academy in Berlin led them as officers.
Austria:
Become a new power base on the Habsburg after the fatal weaking of the Holy Roman Empire at the peace treaty of Westphalia. Austria won the possession in Italy and Low Countries in the partition of Spanish territories. After France and Austria became the strongest powers in the continent. Austria pushed back Turkish control in south-eastern Europe. Then had expansion to Balkans.
Decolonizing the Americas. The American Revolution and the collapse of Spanish colonial empire in America
What was the American Revolution and why did it happen?
The American Revolution was an epic political and military struggle waged between 1765 and 1783 when 13 of Britain’s North American colonies rejected its imperial rule. The American Revolution was principally caused by colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies and to make them repay the crown for its defence of them during the French and Indian War (1754–63).
The independence of the United States stands as the greatest consequence of the American Revolution. Independence forced the colonies-turned-states to adjust to life outside of the British Empire. The Americans’ experienced drastic changes in politics, economics, and diplomacy.
The significance in IR of French Revolution and Napoleonic Era
Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Roman Catholic Church and reversed (скасував) the most radical religious policies of the Convention. In 1804 Napoleon created the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society.
French Revolution put an end to the feudal system, disband a kingdom and its monarchy, and establish civil laws and fairer representation of all peoples under governance, it also served to unify and strengthen France as a country and a people.
At the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars was the third great peace congress in modern European history - The Congress of Vienna. Concluding in June 1815, the Congress of Vienna outlined new borders for states in Europe and established an effective balance of power system that largely maintained peace in Europe for the remainder of the century.
Industrial revolution and its consequences
The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain, shifted from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines. This led to increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas. Production of Clothing and Fabrics was Transformed.
“The Concert of Europe” and its fall. The Eastern Question(s)in XIX century
The Concert of Europe was a general consensus among the Great Powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence.
It was founded by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which had combined to form the Quadruple Alliance that defeated Napoleonic France, with the intention of guaranteeing the peace of Europe for the foreseeable future; France later became the fifth member.
The concert of Europe broke up on the different interests of the powers, the differences of constitutional outlook and the absence of any agreed principles of political faith. The powers were agreed that peace must be maintained but they were not agreed on the point what threatened peace.
The new ideologies: the rise of nationalism, socialism, and liberalism
Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests. In the 19th century, the nation-state emerged in place of Europe’s multinational dynastic empires. Nationalism became a force that brought about radical changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The rise of nationalism in Europe was stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, Industrial Revolution.
What is the main idea of socialism? Socialism is a political philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic and social systems, which are characterised by social ownership of the means of production, with an emphasis on democratic control, such as workers’ self-management, as opposed to private ownership.
What is liberalism in European history? In general, liberalism in Europe is a political movement that supports a broad tradition of individual liberties and constitutionally limited and democratically accountable government.
Rebalancing the European system: the Crimean War, unification of Italy and Germany, the rise of the Bismarckian System
Who won the Crimean War and why?
On 30th March 1856, the Crimean War was formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. This formal recognition signed at the Congress of Paris came after Russia accepted a humiliating defeat against the alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.
The unification into the German Empire, dominated by Prussia with a federalist structure was announced on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
Italy became part of the French Empire and thus imbibed the ideals of the French Revolution which promoted liberty, equality, fraternity and strengthened the people’s participation in the political process.
How did the unification of Italy affect Europe?
The unification of Germany and Italy brought a degree of stability to Europe. Between 1871 and 1914, there were no major military confrontations in Europe. This period was known as the Belle Epoque (beautiful era) in French. It also led to both Germany and Italy becoming colonial powers.
When did Bismarck rise to power?
Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian politician who became Germany’s first-ever chancellor, a position in which he served from 1871 to 1890. Through a series of wars, he unified 39 individual states into one German nation in 1871.
What was the main goal of the Bismarck system?
The first Bismarck model was instituted by Otto von Bismarck in 1883 and focused its effort in providing cures to the workers and their family.
Why Bismarck was so successful?
Although an archconservative, Bismarck introduced progressive reforms—including universal male suffrage and the establishment of the first welfare state—in order to achieve his goals. He manipulated European rivalries to make Germany a world power, but in doing so laid the groundwork for both World Wars.
What political strategy did Bismarck use?
Bismarck used both diplomacy and the Prussian military to achieve unification, excluding Austria from a unified Germany.
