Globalization Flashcards
Periods of the Cold War
- Confrontation (1948 to 1962) – Berlin Blockade (1948), Korean conflict (1950), Cuban missile conflict (1962)
- Detente (1962 to 1978) – Vietnam war (1962), Sino-Soviet Split (1972), SALT (1972)
- Rapprochement (1978 to 1992) – Star Wars (1983), Mikhail Gorbachev (1985), Berlin wall fall (1989)
Revolutions
- Revolution is a radical change in the established order, usually the established government and social institutions.
French revolution
The causes of the French Revolution (1789- 1799) had five main factors: the Estate System (A stratified system consisting of the clergy, nobility, and commoners; with interlocking legal rights and obligations), absolutism, Enlightenment ideas, food shortages, and the American Revolution.
The French Revolution lasted 10 years from 1789 to 1799. It began on July 14, 1789, when revolutionaries stormed a prison called the Bastille. The revolution came to an end 1799 when a general named Napoleon overthrew the revolutionary government and established the French Consulate (with Napoleon as leader).
French Revolution put an end to the feudal system, disband a kingdom and its monarchy, and establish civil laws and fairer representation of all peoples under governance, it also served to unify and strengthen France as a country and a people.
American revolution
The American Revolution was an epic political and military struggle waged between 1765 and 1783 when 13 of Britain’s North American colonies rejected its imperial rule. The protest began in opposition to taxes levied without colonial representation by the British monarchy and Parliament.
The American Revolution was principally caused by colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies and to make them repay the crown for its defense of them during the French and Indian War (1754–63).
Pentarchy system
The 5 Great Powers system was based since the 18th century on the balance of power between England (Great Britain), France, Austria, Russia (after victory in Great Northern War and especially since the 7th years’ war), and Prussia (especially after Silesian wars). In 19th century it was institutionalized in the form of Concert of Europe (three Eastern courts: Prussia, Russia, and Austria, together with France and Great Britain). The system was transformed during the process of decline of the Concert of Europe (in the wake of Crimean War), together with the wars of Italian and German unification.
Thus, in late 19th century we’ve got France, Great Britain, Austro-Hungary, Germany, Russia, and smaller powers like Italy. Additionally, on global level we’ve got rise of the USA and Japan.
Thus, Russia was an element of European balance of power system since the Peter the Great (after the decline of Sweden and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
Balance of power
As a policy, balance of power suggests that states counter any threat to their security by allying with other threatened states and by increasing their own military capabilities.
The European balance of power is a principle of international relations according to which no single state should be allowed to achieve hegemony over a significant part of Europe. Throughout most of modern times, the balance was achieved through a small number of constantly shifting alliances competing for power, culminating in the world wars of the early 20th century. By 1945, global dominance and European-led rivalry had ended, and the doctrine of the European balance of power was replaced by a global balance of power involving the United States and the Soviet Union as the modern superpowers.
Eastern question
Eastern Question, diplomatic problem posed in the 19th and early 20th centuries by the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, centering on the contest for control of former Ottoman territories.
Austria-Hungary was allowed to administer Bosnia-Herzegovina. Britain got Cyprus, and the Serbs gained some land as well. The Ottoman Empire survived.
Decolonisation
European countries released their colonies due to problems in the economy, politics, uprisings or national movements in the colonies. Soviet Union imposed decolonization due to ideological reasons (the fight against imperialism).
Decolonization was gradual and peaceful for some British colonies largely settled by expatriates but violent for others, where native rebellions were energized by nationalism. After World War II, European countries generally lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress faraway revolts; they also faced opposition from the new superpowers, the U.S., and the Soviet Union, both of which had taken positions against colonialism. Korea was freed in 1945 by Japan’s defeat in the war. The U.S. left the Philippines in 1946. Britain left India in 1947, Palestine in 1948, and Egypt in 1956; it withdrew from Africa in the 1950s and ’60s, from various island protectorates in the 1970s and ’80s, and from Hong Kong in 1997. The French left Vietnam in 1954 and gave up its North African colonies by 1962. Portugal gave up its African colonies in the 1970s; Macau was returned to the Chinese in 1999.
New Imperialism
New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The period featured a search of overseas territorial achievements. At the time, states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, expanding their territory through conquest, and exploiting the resources of the conquered countries. During the era of New Imperialism, the Western powers (and Japan) individually conquered almost all of Africa and parts of Asia. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing rivalries among the great powers, the economic desire for new resources and markets, and a “civilizing mission” ethos. Many of the colonies established during this era gained independence during the era of decolonization that followed World War II.
Imperialism adversely affected the colonies. Under foreign rule, native culture and industry were destroyed. Imported goods wiped out local craft industries. By using colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods, colonial powers held back the colonies from developing industries.
An example of imperialism includes France’s control of Vietnam from the mid- to late-1800s. Other examples of imperialism include Britain’s control of several countries in the early 1900s, including India, Australia, and many countries in Africa. Russo-Japanese war is also example of new imperialism.
Modernisation
What was the main goal of Japanese modernization?
The reason for Japanese modernization was to end Japanese Monarchy and introduce Democracy in Japan. And to provide compulsory education to inculcate technical skills required in building new nation and teaching the value of Japanese citizenship and being a part of its rich Culture.
Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes.
How did the Ottoman Empire modernize?
The government’s series of constitutional reforms led to a modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the decriminalization of homosexuality, the replacement of religious law with secular law and guilds with modern factories.
What were the major effects of nationalism in Ottoman Empire?
Positive result: The rise and spread of nationalism gave people a new sense of identity and led to an increased sense of competition among nation-states.
Negative result: Conservative Turks, angered by the ottoman policy of giving equal citizenship to nationalist groups, caused tensions that weakened and eventually broke up the empire.
What happened in China during 19th century?
By the mid-nineteenth century China’s population reached 450 million or more, more than three times the level in 1500. The inevitable results were land shortages, famine, and an increasingly impoverished rural population. Heavy taxes, inflation, and greedy local officials further worsened the farmer’s situation.
Chinese nationalism in the early twentieth century was primarily based on anti-Manchurism, an ideology that was prevalent among Chinese revolutionaries from late nineteenth century to the turn of the twentieth century.
