History of Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Marcus Aurelius
important figure in stoicism (living a simple life)
- Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy) cited these kinds of philosophers as important for the development of interventions
- his book discusses a lot about what we see in cognitive therapy today (strategies - like not letting emotions get the best of you)
Augustine of Hippo
- Identified in the psychological realm
- Wrote what is thought of as the first autobiography
Lightner Witmer
- world’s first clinical psychologist - coined the term
- early student of Wundt (founder of psychology)
- was asked to help a kid kind of like Lucy, a bad speller, and used systematic observation (clinical) kind of like what we see today
- started first psychology clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
At what point did psychologists stop being viewed as only being able to do assessments?
Around the 2nd world war when there was a demand for healthcare and a realization psychologists could also perform treatments like psychiatrists
- these interventions became more influenced by ideas in psych departments (behavioural and cognitive revolutions)
How does Witmers approach look like what we do today in clinical psychology?
- clients were children
- assessment then recommendation
- team approach
- early diagnosis for prevention
- applying psychological principles clinically
what are examples of ways of measuring individual differences in the past?
- Calligraphy tests in China
- Plato suggested soldiers should be tested (400s BCE)
- When joining a military operation, ways of
trying to objectively measure these different
abilities
- When joining a military operation, ways of
Plato’s ideas: charioteer story
- Part of your mind is like a chariot driver that represents a reasonable part of your mind
- Your mind is also composed of horses who are actually driving the chariot (the charioteer can’t go anywhere without the horses)
○ They represent different elements of emotion - The driver is just one person, he’s not strong enough to push the horse in one direction or another, but you can train the horses over time… our minds are a lot like that
- Ex: one hour we say: “never going to have chips again”, but later “I want chips”
- Driver says “no chips” but later in the day the horse goes toward the chips
- Driver says “I’m going to study early for this exam” but when it comes to studying, the horse is pulling you somewhere else
What is an example of OCD using Plato’s metaphor?
Even little kids tend to know there is something that doesn’t make sense with washing hands 40 times for example (driver)… but my horse really pulls me in that direction when I feel scared which makes me feel like if I don’t do it something bad will happen
Aristotle’s ideas:
- talked a lot about virtue and how he thought we developed virtue through developing habits
- The ideal virtues are actually in the midpoint of 2 extremes
- ex: courage is in the middle of cowardness vs. rashness
- similar to dialectical behaviour therapy
What did Binet do?
developed tests for children (including children with intellectual disabilities), and this is adapted for English use by Terman – Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
Testing in the context of WWI (army alpha and army beta test)
there were a large number of soldiers having mental evaluations in the psychometric condition that’s similar to going to get your physical before joining the army
- Army alpha was written maybe and army beta was more of a non-verbal test (Julian = not sure)
Wechsler’s first cognitive test:
wechler-bellevue 1939 (ages 7-69)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- ages 16-90
- We have norm data for people at all of these ages
- In younger age groups we have more specific norm data (generally by the month ex: 7ys 3 months vs. 7yrs 10 months)
As you get older there’s a lot less change in performance on these tests
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
- ages 6-16
- if you suspect someone will be a high performer you should probably give a 16 yr old the WAIS since the tasks are created to get harder and harder
- With a WISC the tasks have to work for a 6 and 16 yr old, so if u suspect a 16 yr old will be a low performer you should give the WISC
- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
- ages 2.6-7.7
- Another overlap, the psychologist makes the decision of what test to give
How are Wechler cognitive tests designed/used for?
- No reading, writing, or math in the usual sense
- Use them for screening for intellectual disabilities/ differences (not the only thing we use in the diagnosis)
- Use them for the identification of intellectual giftedness (top 2 % of scorers in particular age groups)
- have been found to be pretty reliable over time
Sigmund Freud: psychoanalytic
- believed in the unconscious mind (sexual and aggressive urges)
- said we use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from anxiety
- analysed dreams in the sexual sense
- therapist is the expert, client has no say
Carl Jung: psychoanalytic
- Influenced by Freud
- believed in archetypes: patterns of thought common to all humans (collective unconscious)
- was a personality theorist
- dream analysis: believed we can think about how our dreams aid in our survival
- Jung wanted to work together with the patient
- He said after the first meeting there is a massive reduction in guilt and shame, just by saying it out loud to another person had a positive effect
What did Jung suggest about patterns?
- We’re born into a pattern, inheriting a certain narrative that will play out throughout human life and development
- Humans tend to be unconscious of this pattern and there is a pattern playing out in us and to see this pattern we must look inside and investigate ourselves
- by observing ourselves that’s what’s going to lead to us getting a handle on our society and our relationships with one another
Jungian shadow
- parts of ourselves we’re not looking at/not conscious of (not necessarily good or bad)
Ex: Being envious as a kid about another kid’s gift and being told not to feel that way… so you stop admitting that feeling even though it’s there
- We should be investigating what that thing/shadow is within ourselves
Ex: you pride yourself on being a really nice person, something you are capable of, but don’t think you are capable of getting mad at someone
Carl Rogers: Humanistic Model
- person-centered therapy
- put emphasis on empathy, unconditional positive regard, and individual’s potential for development
- put emphasis on listening well and active listening
- as you’re listening to someone speaking, trying not to pass judgement immediately, think with them instead of for/about them
- he thought of active listening to be very risky, to sense deeply the feelings of another person and see the world of someone else we risk being changed ourselves
- as you active listen to another person, you have to active listen to yourself
Viktor Frankl: Existential Models
- logotherapy – focus on meaning as a central motivational force for humans
- emphasizes searching for sources of meaning in one’s life
Mary Cover Jones: Behavioural Models
- “Mother of behaviour therapy”
- Learning theory: classical, operant conditioning
- Functional analysis: antecedents, behaviours, consequences
Watson’s Little Albert Experiment
- Conditioned an infant to fear a white furry rat
- Gradually exposed Peter to different elements that resembled the feared stimulus
- this fear became generalized
- Very similar to how we formulate anxiety treatments today
- Uses many different different behavioral therapies
