history of anatomy and dissection (ch 1) Flashcards
Taught that disease has a physical cause – it is not due to a curse or spirit.
Hippocrates
The first person to study biology systematically (called Empirical Research)
Aristotle
Believed that the brain housed the intellect - rather than the heart.
Herophilus
first to correlate a patient’s symptoms, with examination of “affected part of the deceased.”
Galen
With the intent of increasing the knowledge of Anatomy and Medicine, dissection was
formally sanctioned by the Pope and the Vatican.
It was common practice for the professor of anatomy to read from an anatomical text,
while a barber/ surgeon physically performed the dissection.
An ostensor was present to point out the specific parts of the body
Mondino
Was given permission to dissect human corpses in Florence, Milan and Rome.
He made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about anatomy which was far ahead of his time.
Drawings were lost at his death – only later to be discovered in Windsor Castle in 1919 !
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519
Based-upon Mondino’s manuscripts, produced the first anatomical text
da Carpi
Detected and boldly corrected many errors made by Galen
Vesalius
Demanded that advances in medicine occur only through careful observation and strict
adherence to the scientific method.
John Hunter (1728 –1793
Performed meticulous dissection and published the book entitled “Gray’s Anatomy”
The first textbook intended to be purchased by students.
Henry Gray
Execution of murderer of William Burke, whose body was dissected in anatomy labs
The murders raised public awareness of the need for bodies for teaching and research
gave license to
doctors, teachers and bona fide medical students to dissect donated bodies
Anatomy Act and The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
Developed the theory of the four humours in which an imbalance between bile, black bile,
phlegm, and blood led to sickness or disease
Hippocrates
Discovered patterns common to whole groups of animals.
He then inferred possible causal explanations unique to all illness and disease.
Aristotle
He believed that the heart is the seat of the soul and the controller of the body’s heat.
Aristotle
Performed first scientific human cadaveric dissections in Alexandria (in modern day Egypt)
Thus, the first to study anatomy from human dissection
Herophilus
The first to introduce the notion of conventional terminology and created terms to describe
objects - as opposed to the use of “natural names“ such as “seat of soul” and “source of heat”.
Herophilus
Studying the flow of blood, he was able to differentiate between arteries and veins.
He noticed that as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically throbbed.
Herophilus
was appointed physician to the Gladiators.
Galen
developed some misconceptions. For example,
he believed blood was generated in the liver, was then distributed and consumed by all of
the organs of the body.
Galen
Performed dissections in the presence of his medical students.
Served the role of demonstrator and incorporated his personal experience.
Mondino
Incorporated a systematic study of anatomy and dissection into a medical curriculum
He required that all medical students must see at least one dissection to graduate
Mondino
Wrote the first modern anatomy manuscripts and dissection manual with illustrations
Mondino
Emphasized the understanding of anatomy through dissection of the human cadaver
da Carpi
The first to question Galen’s anatomy based-upon personal experience in dissection
da Carpi
Wrote the most influential books on human anatomy called De humani corporis fabrica (“On the Fabric of the Human Body
Vesalius
Started his own medical school in London. Thus, all students were required to dissect.
During this period, medical students were required to obtain their own specimens for dissection
John Hunter
