cartilage and bone (ch 6) Flashcards
what are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic, fibro-cartilage
what are the functions of cartilage?
support/protection, provide a gliding surface at articulations, forms joins and embryonic skeleton
what is cartilage made of?
collagen and ground substance (complex sugar proteins)
what are the cells that produce the matrix of the cartilage?
chrondroblasts
Actively mitotic form of a matrix-forming cell found in growing cartilage.
chondroblast (cartilage forming cell)
Mature, nondividing cartilage cell.
chondrocyte (cartilage maintaining cell)
true or false: cartilage is avascular
true (which is why it has a tough time regenerating)
Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called ___
lacunae
what are the two ways cartilage grows?
interstitial and appositional growth
what protects and regenerates cartilage?
perichondrium
interstitial growth is growth in length, while appositional growth is growth in ____
diameter
what type of cartilage growth is this?:
chondrocytes divide via mitosis and secrete new
matrix to separate into new lacunae
interstitial
what type of cartilage growth is this?
chondroblasts secrete new matrix at the
periphery of cartilage, deep to the perichondrium
appositional growth
what type of cartilage is the most common?
hyaline
which type of cartilage is the least common?
elastic
which type of cartilage forms the skeleton of the fetus?
hyaline
true or false: collagen fibers are visible in hyaline cartilage
false
where are elastic cartilage found?
in external ear and epiglottis
between elastic and fibrocartilage, which is highly flexible, and which resists stretching?
elastic is flexible, fibrocartilage resists stretching and compression
how are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?
in columns
where are fibrocartilage found?
in symphyses and cushions of joints
true or false: fibrocartilage has no perichondrium
true
how are elastic fibers in elastic cartilage arranged?
arranged in an irregular pattern
bones are flexible yet __
rigid
this describes the process of formation and development of blood cells
hematopoiesis
where does hematopoiesis occur?
in red bone marrow
where are long bones found?
arm, forearm, hand, fingers, thigh, leg, foot
where are short bones found?
wrist and ankle
true or false: bone is vascular
true
what are sesamoid bones?
bone that develop within tendons, e.g. kneecap
what is bone composed of?
cells and matrix (which is composed of collagen fibers and ground substance)
what are the three types of bone cells?
osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
bone-forming cells, aka
osteoblasts
bone-maintaining cells, aka
osteocytes
bone-destroying cells, aka
osteoclasts
how do osteocytes differ from osteoblasts?
osteocytes are matured bone cells derived from osteoblasts that become entrapped in the matrix they secreted
Elongated, rodlike part of a long bone between its two ends; the shaft of a long bone.
diaphysis
Expanded, knobby region at the end of a long bone.
epiphysis
what is the epiphysis composed of?
outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone
former site of bone growth (growth plate), between
diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
these are thin bones with spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
flat bones
where are flat bones found?
cranium, shoulder blade, sternum
these are the bones with no obvious geometric regularity
irregular bones
where are irregular bones found?
bones in face and vertebral column
bone cells that large, phagocytic; derived from fused bone marrow cells
osteoclasts
what are the two types of bone connective tissue?
compact bone (aka dense or cortical) and spongy bone (aka cancellous)
dense bone on the external surfaces made up of Haversian systems (osteons)
compact bone
cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon; blood vessels and nerves run through it
central canal (aka Haversian canal)
tiny channels through bone connective tissue that connect lacunae and the central canal
canaliculi
housed in lacunae and occur between adjacent concentric lamellae
osteocytes
run perpendicular to the central canals and help connect multiple central canals; also have blood vessels and nerves running through
Volkmann canals
type of bone that contains no osteons ( aka Haversian systems) and is composed of parallel lamella
spongy bone
lightweight, honeycombed bone within bone (surrounded by bone marrow)
spongy bone
what are the bone-associated connective tissues?
periosteum, endosteum, articular cartilage
a dense connective tissue that covers the external surface of bone
periosteum
a loose connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
hyaline cartilage placed at the ends of bones for mobile joints
articular cartilage
what are the three layers of the trilaminar disk?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
