history medicine gcse Flashcards
How long did physicians in 1250-1500 have to train for to become qualified?
They had to train 7-10 years in University to become qualified
What was a medieval physicians main role?
Their main role is to diagnose illnesses and recommend a treatment.
Would medieval physicians treat you?
They wouldn’t actually treat you, that was left for the uneducated people such as Apothecaries or Barber Surgeons.
How would medieval physicians diagnose people?
1) Examine samples from the patient such as blood, faeces or urine.
2) Look at the same - compare. For urine they would check its smell, its taste and its colour using a urine colour chart.
3) They would consult an astrological chart based on your birthday and the date you became sick.
4) Based on the information they gained from this, they could recommend a treatment for example bloodletting from a barber surgeon or herbal remedies from an Apothecary.
Why did most not see a physician?
Medieval physicians were very expensive so most couldn’t afford it.
What years where medieval period?
1250 - 1500
What war did Florence Nightingale return from?
She returned from treating soldiers during the Boer War in 1856.
How did Florence Nightingale improve nursing during 1700-1900?
She:
Raised £44,000 to train new nurses.
Wrote a book called ‘Notes on Nursing’ in 1859, which talked about the key role of a nurse and the importance of discipline and attention to detail. Became an essential tool in the training of nurses.
Made nursing a more respectable profession for women. This encouraged more women to become nurses, so the number of skilled nurses grew rapidly. By 1900 there were roughly 64,000 in Britain.
Set up the Nightingale School for. Nurses at St Thomas Hospital in London which became the main nursing school in Britain
How did Florence Nightingale improve Hospitals during 1700-1900?
She:
Recommended for new hospitals to be built out materials that could be easily cleaned such as tiles. This included the walls, ceilings, floors ect. She believed that if they could be cleaned, there would be less dirt and people would be healthier.
Promoted the ‘Pavilion Style’ Hospital. This type of hospital had lots of large windows with plenty of ventilation,, large sized rooms, and separate wards to keep infectious people separated.
Promoted the use of good sanitation such as clean water and good drainage and toilets.
Made sure that patients received good food, clean clothing amd bedding along with facilities to wash themselves.
What did James Simpson discover?
Chloroform. A type of Anaesthetic.
Why was Anaesthetics disliked?
- Surgeons were unsure if the patient had died during the operation - no signs of life, unlike before the use of Anaesthetics they would be showing signs of life (screaming)
- Went against religion - childbirth pain was seen as punishment upon women for partaking in unreligious acts.
- Surgeons would perform more complicated surgeries then necessary, leading to more deaths during operation due to blood loss.
- Have to be careful with dosage as too much could kill a patient - 14 year old girl died to overdose when getting a toenail removed.
- Nobody knew the long term effects of chloroform.
Why was James Simpson Knighted?
For medicine development - as chloroform could be used to carry out more complicated surgeries.
How did Joseph Lister come up with the use of carbolic acid spray?
-He inspected and researched wounds and noticed that it was rotting flesh.
- He noted his findings and compared it to Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory, and started to question if airborne germs caused the rotting of flesh just like it causes wine to go bad.
- He then began to look for chemicals that could kill these germs to try prevent germs infecting wounds, and he noticed carbolic acid was used to treat sewage and thought if it could be used to treat wounds ad well.
-When he was operating on a broken leg, after the operation he soaked bandages in carbolic acid, and the wound cleaned cleanly. He noted his findings and then produced carbolic spray to be used during operation and try kill airborne germs making it a more sterile environment.
-He noticed that the rate of infection had drastically dropped, and so he published his findings.
Why were people opposed against Carbolic Acid as an Antiseptic?
- Carbolic spray would dry up and damage doctors hands making them sore - believing it couldn’t be good for the patient
- Germ Theory was not widely accepted by everyone, so this method was also not accepted by many (as its based of Germ Theory)
- The focus of operations were still to be as quick as possible and not carefully.
- Other doctors got less dramatic results to Joseph Lister, even arguing carbolic acid stopped the bodies defenses from working.
- Doctors did not want to feel responsible for the patients deaths they had operated on before the use of carbolic spray.
However, carbolic spray was good as:
- It made surgeons realise that safe surgery was possible and their main role and duty was to carry it out carefully and safely.
- Carbolic acid set the foundations of a more sterile and clean environment as doctors tried searching for other methods to try reduce rate of infection. This lead to advancements such as steam cleaning the equipment after use, wearing gloves, face masks and surgical gowns ect.
The discovery of DNA - 1900
Doctors had evidence that microbes caused diseases. However it came clear that microbes didn’t cause all diseases, and some where hereditary, passed down from mother and father.
1900 -
Scientists believed that genes (controlled characteristics like eye colour, height, hair colour ect) came in pairs, with one pair from your Mother and another from your Father. However, there was not yet any scientific proof as microscopes were not powerful enough yet.
Discovery of DNA - 1901
1901 -
Achibald Garrod believed that hereditary diseases (passed down from parents) was caused by faulty genes.
Discovery of DNA - 1953
1953 -
Franklin and Watkins discovered a substance inside human cells that carried genetic information from parent to child, named DNA. They also got a photograph of DNA using a powerful microscope and shared their findings with other scientists.
Watson and Crick in Cambridge university also discovered what DNA looked like - finding out it is a double helix shape, which could make copies of itself. They began finding the parts of the DNA that were responsible for hereditary diseases.
Discovery of the DNA - 1986
1986-
Watson had set up a project that mapped out every gene in the human body, called the human genome project. Scientists from 18 different countries spent 10 years mapping out the entire human genome (genome = all the genes in an organism). This mapping could identify where there has been fault with DNA of people with hereditary diseases, also allowing for testing people who are at risk of hereditary disease. For example somebody with high risk to cancer passed down could eliminate the threat before the cancer starts forming.
What is the second most common cancer in the UK?
Lung cancer
How many diagnosed with lung cancer every year in the UK?
40,000 people.
What is usually used to treat lung cancer?
Chemotherapy.
What is the cause of cancer?
When cells undergo mitosis uncontrollably, diving and growing too quickly forming a clump of cells.
What is the biggest cause of lung cancer?
Smoking - either directly or passively through second hand smoking.
What are other causes of lung cancer?
Air pollution and inhaling chemicals.
