Biology

Question 1

What is the eye made up of?

Answer 1

-Retina
-Sclera
-Lens
-Iris
-Pupil
-Optic nerve
-Cornea
-Ciliary Muscles
-Suspensory Ligaments
-Fovea

Question 2

What is the Retina layer made up of? (HINT: Cell types)

Answer 2

Rod cells - Light Intensity Reception

Cone Cells - Red, Green, Blue colour reception

Question 3

How do we work out Total Magnification?

Answer 3

Magnification = Eyepiece x Objective

Question 4

How do we find actual size?

Answer 4

Actual size = Image / magnification

Question 5

What is a genome?

Answer 5

The entire genetic code in an organism

Question 6

What is DNA?

Answer 6

A double helix polymer - stores genetic code

Question 7

What is a gene?

Answer 7

Portion of DNA that codes for a protein (mapping these allows us to identify causes of disorders).

Question 8

What is genotype?

Answer 8

An organisms specific genetic code

Question 9

What is phenotype?

Answer 9

How the genotype is expressed in physical characteristics.

Question 10

What are bases made from?

Answer 10

A sugar/phosphate group.

Question 11

What are the bases? Which go complimentary to each other?

Answer 11

Guanine - G goes with Cytosine - C

Thymine - T goes with Adenine - A

Question 12

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

Answer 12

A cell with a nucleus. Their DNA is found here. For e.g An animal cell or plant cell

Question 13

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

Answer 13

A cell without a nucleus. Their DNA can be found in Plasmids (loop of DNA) or Chromosomal DNA

Question 14

What is a feature of the cell membrane?

Answer 14

Semi permeable - allowing certain substances to pass through into the cell - controls what leaves and enters a cell.

Question 15

What is the cell wall made of?

Answer 15

Cellulose.

Question 16

What are Enzymes?

Answer 16

Enzymes are special proteins that act as biological catalysts, often breaking down molecules into smaller ones (eg polymers into monomers)

Question 17

What is amylase and what does is it responsible for?

Answer 17

It is an enzyme (biological catalyst) that breaks down starch into glucose.

Question 18

What is lipase and what is it responsible for?

Answer 18

An enzyme (biological catalyst) that breaks down lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 19

What is protease and what does it break down?

Answer 19

Protease is an enzyme (biological catalyst) that breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Question 20

How many bases are needed to code for an amino acid?

Answer 20

3 bases are needed

Question 21

What is (for eg) BB or bb known as?

Answer 21

Homozygous alleles.

Question 22

What is (for eg) Bb known as?

Answer 22

Heterozygous alleles

Question 23

What is the order of the reflex ark?

Answer 23

Stimulus
Receptors (in sense organs)
Sensory Neurone
Relay Neurone
Motor Neurone
Effector (muscle or gland to carry out a quick involuntary response)

Question 24

What is in the CNS?

Answer 24

Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

Question 25

Explain Adult Stem cells

Answer 25

Found in the body eg bone morrow. It is multipotent - there is a limit to what they can become usually the type of tissue surrounding them.

Question 26

Explain Embryonic Stem Cells

Answer 26

Found in the inner cell mass of an embryo It is pluripotent - Can differentiate into any kind of cell

Question 27

Explain Meristem Cells.

Answer 27

Stem cells found in the Meristems of plants e.g shoots and roots Able to produce any kind of specialised cell throughout the life of the plant.

Question 28

What are stem cells?

Answer 28

Cells that haven't been differentiated yet and can go on to become a number of different types of cells.

Question 29

What is the role of the dendron?

Answer 29

Carries the electrical impulse

Question 30

What is the role of the dendrite?

Answer 30

Receives impulses from receptor cells.

Question 31

What is the role of the axon?

Answer 31

To carry the electrical impulse

Question 32

What are the role of axon terminals?

Answer 32

Pass impulses to other neurones

Question 33

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

Answer 33

The fatty layer surrounding neurones that insulate them to stop energy loss.

Question 34

What is a synapse?

Answer 34

Gaps inbetween neurones. When an impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitter substance is released across through axon terminals. It gets detected on the other side by dendrites which generates a new impulse.

Question 35

What are the stages of growth in plants?

Answer 35

Stage 1 - Mitosis Stage 2 - Elongation Stage 3 - Differentiation

Question 36

What is a Dipliod cell?

Answer 36

23 pairs (46 single) of chromosomes

Question 37

What is a haploid cell?

Answer 37

Half a set of chromosomes (23 single chromosomes) Half genetic information (gametes)

Question 38

Where is DNA found?

Answer 38

In the nucleus in long strands called chromosomes, formed by 2 strands that twist to form a double helix shape.

Question 39

What are the 4 base pairs and which goes with which?

Answer 39

Adenine - A Cytosine - C Guanine - G Thymine - T G goes with C A goes with T

Question 40

What is the bonding between each of these bases?

Answer 40

Hydrogen bonds. Adenine and Thymine have two bonds Guanine and Cytosine have 3 bonds

Question 41

What are each of the bases connected to?

Answer 41

A sugar with each sugar connected to a phosphate.

Question 42

What is genotype?

Answer 42

The alleles that an organism has

Question 43

What is phenotype

Answer 43

What the organism looks like.

Question 44

What happens during Transcription?

Answer 44

First stage of Protein Synthesis Takes place in the nucleus. The RNA polymerase attaches to the non-coding section of DNA The enzyme separates the two stands of DNA RNA polymerase continues to move along the DNA to reach the coding region of a gene RNA Polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the template strand. RNA polymerase links the RNA nucleotides together to form a strand of mRNA

Question 45

What happens during translation?

Answer 45

The strand of mRNA travels out the nucleus through a nuclear pore In the cryptoplasm, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand. A tRNA molecule pairs up with each codon (3 bases) The ribosome joins together the amino acids carried by the tRNA molecules. This results in the formation of a polypeptide The types and order of amino acids in the chain cause it to fold into a specific shape

Question 45

What replaces Thymine in the m/tRNA?

Answer 45

Uracil - U So DNA - ATA in m/tRNA (depending) would complementary base pair that as UAU

Question 46

What causes mutation

Answer 46

A change in the bases of a gene creating a genetic variant.

Question 47

What are the blood groups?

Answer 47

A B AB O

Question 48

What are mendels laws?

Answer 48

Each gamete receives only onr factor for a characteristic The version of a factor a gamete receives is random and does not depend on the other factors in the gamete Some versions of a factor are more powerful than others and always have an effect in the offspring