HISTORY FINAL Flashcards
What is Monotheism?
Believing that there was only one God; Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
What were the a Five Pillars?
Most important duties of the Muslims
What were three main concepts of Buddhism?
Four Noble Truths and Buddha Heaven or Nirvana. Noble Eighth Folds Path
What were the religious books of Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam?
Oldest: Hinduism; Vedas
Christianity; The Bible
Newest: Islam; Koran
Who were the Sunnis and Shi-a’s?
The two groups of Islam that split after the death of the prophet Muhammed
What was a long term effect of the Crusades?
Knights from Europe fought for Jerusalem, lead to increase trade from the east
What was the most powerful institution during the Renaissance in Europe?
The Church (pope)
What did people begin to do during the Renaissance that led to the Protestant Reformation?
People began to question tradition and authority
What was the Ottoman Empire?
A strong empire that controlled access to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
What are patrons?
Wealthy merchants that bought art and supported artists in Renaissance. The Medici’s and Catholic Church were most famous patrons
What was the Renaissance?
Rebirth of art and learning, focus on individual achievement and worldly success, use of classical ideas, people started questioning authority
Who was Gutenberg? Why was he important and who did he influence?
Invented the printing press, first book he printed was the Bible, he printed in the vernacular
Who was Henry VIII and how did he influence England?
King of England who broke away from the church because he wanted to divorce his wife, and marry someone that would give him a male heir. Made him head of English Church
What started when Martin Luther began to criticize the Catholic Church?
Protestant Reformation
What 3 events during the Age of Exploration were caused by advances in learning and technology that allowed long ocean voyages?
Food, animals, and ideas went from one continent to the other (Old World - New World; New World - Old World) European diseases devastated the Native population. European wars increases as competition for land and power
Why did the Tokygawas close off Japanese ports/harbors to European trade? What was the policy called?
They were threatened by Christian missionaries and their ideas and wanted to close off foreign ideas. This was called the CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY
In European and Japanese feudalism what did soldiers receive for service?
Land
What policy did both China and Japan implement during this time?
Isolationism
Why did China withdraw into isolation? When?
China wanted to preserve it’s traditions and thought it was better than any other country.
China started exploring more than 80 years before Europeans
What are the main beliefs of Confucianism? Why did Confucianism help promote Chinese isolationism, not expansionism?
Fial Piety, 5 relationships (ruler-ruler, father-son, husband-wife, oldest-youngest, friend-friend) it promoted isolationism because it taught that you should be content and not want anything.
What new inventions are the Chinese credited for?
Abacus, Compass, Gunpowder
Where did corn, potatoes, and tomatoes come from? Where did the wheat come from?
The New World; The Old World
Why did the Colonists run into problems with their original labor source? Who did they turn to replace the labor source?
Native Americans were not immune to disease and died by the millions. They turned to African Slaves for their labor source
Why did the pope make Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Tordesillas?
He wanted to decrease conflict over new lands in the New Worlds
What were the motives for European exploration?
God, Glory, Gold
What do the words Encounter and the Columbian Exchange represent?
The nature of interactions between cultures
What effect did the slave trade have on Africans and African Kingdoms?
Only the very old and very young were left. Many cultures lost their best members and most families were separated
What was a result of the Commercial Revolution?
Europeans become more powerful and influential throughout the world
What was mercantilism? What did mercantilism “look like” in colonial Latin America?
This was a policy that established colonies where the colonies provided raw materials to the Europeans and then brought the manufactured goods from Europe
How is the status of a person determined in a traditional, social hierarchy?
Birth
During the Age of Absolutism who had all the power?
The absolute monarch (King)
What did Peter the Great do for Russia by women’s status and changing fashion?
Westernized Russia (modernized)
What happened when Parliament forced William and Mary to accept limits on their power during the Glorious Revolution?
It made England a Constitutional Monarchy
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
A women that believed that women should have the same political rights as men
What did the church do to Galileo even after he recanted?
He was kept under house arrest
What did the writings of the philosophers concerning the natural rights of man encourage?
Political revolutions
What did the philosophers’ and scientists’ work have in common?
They both worked with natural laws governing the universe
What was important about the English Bill of Rights?
It was established the a King’s limits of power and guaranteed rights of the people. William and Mary were forced to sign it which made England a constitutional monarchy
Who believed that observation, experimentation, and math were the basis of scientific knowledge?
Isaac Newton
What were the most important ideas of the Scientific Revolution?
Use of experimentation and observation, they also questioned traditional beliefs about the universe, they also made improvements in scientific instruments and medicine
How did Locke and cultural diffusion encourage the American and French Revolution?
Their ideas spread from the United States to France
What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment?
All people have natural rights an it is the government’s job to protect these rights
Who paid most of the taxes during the Old Regime of France?
Commoners (Third Estate)
When did the middle class gain political influence in France?
After the French Revolution
What governments failed to meet the needs of their people?
Pre-revolutionary governments
When was no one safe from the guillotine?
The Reign of Terror
What did the French people how Napoleon Bonaparte would do?
Provide stability to the nation after the revolution
Who tried to increase their power during the French Revolution?
Robespierre and Napoleon
When did the mob storm the Bastille looking for gunpowder?
July 14, 1789
What caused a ride of nationalistic movements?
The French Revolution and the political changes made at the Congress of Vienna
What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man say?
“men are born and remained free and equal in rights”
What were the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Estate? What country?
1st Clergy, 2nd Nobles, 3rd Everyone Else, this is how France was divided before the French Revolution
What was the scorched earth policy and who used it?
A policy of destroying food and earth so the enemy can’t use it. Russia (Czar Alexander I) used it against Napoleon.
Who did successful revolutions in the United States and France inspire?
Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo
What did the people involved in the Vienna Congress want to accomplish?
To keep the peace and stability of Europe
Who were the Creoles and what did they want?
They were the leaders of the independence movement in Latin America. They were the Spanish colonists they lived in Latin America
Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture?
He led a slave revolt in Saint Dominique
Who was Miguel Hidalgo?
He was a leader of the independence movement in Mexico
