History final Flashcards
what does renaissance mean?
rebirth
who colonized central and south America?
Spain
who colonized North America?
France and Britain
what are the three G’s of exploration?
God, Gold, Glory
who were three absolute monarchs?
Louis XIV of France, Phillip II of Spain, and Peter the Great of Russia
who divided the functions of government into 3 parts?
Montesquieu
what were three causes of the french revolution?
A rise in the price of bread, lack of constitution, and the ancient regime
Haiti and other American countries revolted when?
Before and during the French Revolution
what were three inventions of the French revolution?
The seed drill, cotton gin, and steam engine
How did Germany become an industrial Giant?
They had great Iron and coal resources
who was Bismark?
chancellor of the second Reich of Germany
what is Realpolitick?
how Bismark unified Germany ; realistic politic based on the needs of the state
who won the Franco Prussian war?
Prussia
why did the Franco Prussian war happen?
Germany wanted Alsace and Lorraine
How was Italy Unified?
Garibaldi’s red shirts won control of Sicily
who was the king of Italy once it was unified?
King Victor Emmunal II
How was Italy Unified?
Garibaldi’s red shirts won control of Sicily
who was Cavour?
prime minister of Italy
how did the Hapsburg’s rule?
they tried to uphold conservative goals
who were the red shirts and what did they do?
a recruited group of volunteers they won control of Sicily
who was Garibaldi?
the leader of the red shirts
what is another name for the Hapsburg Empire?
the Austrian Empire
what are two multinational empires?
the Austrian Empire and the ottoman empire
what is an anarchist?
a person who wants to abolish all government
what is a multinational empire?
an empire that has many different groups of people
what type of monarchy was the Austrian empire?
dual-monarchy
who granted a new constitution and legislature dominated by German speaking Austrians?
Francis Joseph
who nickname was “the sick man of Europe”?
The ottoman empire
what type of monarchy was the second french empire?
A constitutional monarchy
what type of government did Britain have?
A parliamentary democracy
what did the peoples charter demand?
universal manhood suffrage and a secrete ballot
what is a secret ballot?
votes cast without announcing them publicly
what is universal manhood suffrage?
right of all adult men to vote
what was the free trade movement?
the hope to trade with countries without restrictions
what was the Seneca falls convention?
an organized convention made by Mott and Stanton to gain equality for women
who ruled the second French empire?
Napoleon III
what is another name for the great hunger?
the potato famine
what is home rule
local self government
what is a manifest destiny?
American idea that the United States should stretch across the entire North American continent
what is abolition?
the campaign against slavery and the slave trade
what is women’s suffrage
the right of women to vote
Where did European powers partition Africa to renew the map with little regard for ethnic boundaries?
the Berlin conference
what were the 5 causes of imperialism?
economic, political, military, religious, and cultural
Who ruthlessly led the Zulus?
Shaka
What ruler modernized his country & prepared to smash Italian invaders?
Menelik II of Ethiopia
what does partition mean?
to divided into pieces
Who won in the Sino-Japanese War?
Japan
During the Opium War, the British refused to do what?
Stop selling drugs in exchange for silver
What did Japan get from China by winning the Sino-Japanese war?
Taiwan
What did Britain gain from the Opium War?
Indemnity & gained Hong Kong
Who won the Opium War?
Britain
Conflict between Russia & Japan in 1904-1905 over control of Korea & Manchuria
Russo-Japanese War
What did the Japanese win in the Russo-Japanese War?
Korea
Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment/trading privileges.
Sphere of Influence
What concept did Europeans claim exclusive trading rights in China & elsewhere?
Sphere of influence
What did the U.S. call for equal trading rights in China?
Open Door Policy
American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China & other nations
Open Door Policy
Who carried a presidential letter demanding that Japan opens its ports?
American Commodore Matthew Perry
what did Sepoy do in rebellion?
Hindi and Muslim Sepoy refused to bite the cartage greased with animal fat
what was the Meiji Restoration?
in Japan, the reign of emperor Meiji from 1868 to 1912 that was marked by rapid industrialization
what was the originally the British Raj?
India
what was social Darwinism?
the belief that the white race was “superior”
what did pro imperialist believe?
they thought that taking over and domination other countries was okay
a war in which Great Britain defeated the Boers of South Africa
the boer war
what were Tokugawa shoguns?
supreme military leaders
organization of workers who bargain for better pay and working conditions
Labor union
what did anti imperialists believe?
It was wrong to dominate other countries
who was leapold II
the leader of belgium
Who is Franz Ferdinand
The Archduke ofAustria-Hungary
How was Franz Ferdinand killed
He was shot by Gavrilo Princip while he was visiting Sarajevo
When was Ferdinand killed
June 28, 1914
what was the German air force called?
Luftwaffe
During what battle did civilians survive the blitz in public shelters & the London underground?
Battle of Britain
Who could not get air superiority over the British RAF in the Battle of Britain?
Luftwaffe
Who governed from an underground shelter during the Battle of Britain?
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
What is lightning war?
Blitzkrieg
During what battle did German forces bypass the Maginot Line & attacked France through Belgium?
Miracle at Dunkirk
What countries fought on the western European front in WWII?
France, Britain, Germany, Italy
Who sent all available ships across the British Channel to evacuate stranded troops at Dunkirk?
Britain
What countries fought on the eastern European front in WWII?
Germany and Soviet Union
What front was fought between U.S. and Japan?
Pacific Front
The agreement between Germany & the Soviet Union in 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each other & divide the land up in Eastern Europe
Nazi-soviet Pact
What country was invaded by German forces, had ghettos and Einsatzgruppen to murder Jews?
Poland
What battle in eastern Europe was the turning point of the war in the East where the Red Army drove out the invaders entirely?
Battle of Stalingrad
During what event did the Nazis invade the Soviets and cut off all supplies and have millions of people die?
Siege of Stalingrad
Who did Stalin persuade to open a second front in Eastern Europe after the siege?
Winston Churchill
What battle did General Eisenhower lead in Normandy in the largest landing by sea in history?
D-Day Assault
During what battle did Germany launch a counterattack at the allies and lost?
Battle of the Bulge
Who did Eisenhower order to move troops during the Battle of the Bulge
Patton
Systematic genocide of about 6 million European Jews by the Nazis in WW2
Holocaust
What is the night when Nazis looted & destroyed Jewish stores, houses & synagogues? Means “Night of Broken Glass”
Kristallnacht
Laws approved by the Nazi Party in 1935, depriving Jews of German citizenship & take some rights away from them
Nuremberg Laws
In what battle did the Americans demolish 4 Japanese carriers after which Japan was unable to launch offensive operations afterward?
Battle of Midway
A campaign to recapture some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others to move closer to Japan
Island-hopping
On what volcanic island did American planes bomb Japanese tunnel hideouts?
Iwo Jima
What last obstacle did the Japanese defend to an Allied invasion of Japan?
Okinawa
What city did Little Boy flatten 4 square miles of & instantly kill 70000 people?
Hiroshima
Which city forced emperor Hirohito to surrender & sign a peace treaty on V-J Day?
Nagasaki
During WW2, the forced march of Filipino & American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military
Bataan Death March
The plan where Germany marched through belguim to get to france,WWI
Schlieffen Plan
Triple Alliance wwl
Germany, Italy , and Austria - Hungary
Triple Entente wwl
Britian, France, and Russia
Causes of WWI
Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism, Alliances
British and french pushed back the germans a long the Marne river. The conflict would turn into a deadlock , WWI
Battle of Marne
Frances aim was to divert German resources from Verdun in defense of the somme,WWI
Battle of Somme
Longest battle of WWI. After 11 months of fighting in a historuc area of France, Germany called off attacks
Battle of Verdun
Stalemate
deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other
The Russians suffered a disastrous defeat in Tannenberg, causing a retreat back into russia, WWI
Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Gallipoli
The allies withdrew from the Daranelles
Allied Powers of WWI
France, Britain, Russia, us
Central Powers of WWI
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
What Ended the Russian’s participation in WWI
The Treaty of Brest- Litousk
Who supported the revolt and led raids against the Turks, WWI
T.E Lawrence
Machine guns, long Rance artillery, and posion gas
WWI weapons
a coded message sent to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the US, WWI
Zimmermann Note
the sinking of which by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, contributed indirectly to the entry of the United States into , WWI
Lusitania
when was the armistice signed between the Germans and the Allies, ending World War I
November 11, 1918
Armistice
Agreement to end fighting in a war
During WW2 what was the U.S.’s actions to mobilize & regulate economy to finance the war, distribute ration books, launched propaganda, limit rights of Nisei and Japanese-Americans
Home front
A French general who founded the Free French after freeing to Britain after the German Blitzkrieg
Charles de Gaulle
What was the name of the surprise attack by the Japanese on December 7th 1941, that bombed the U.S. Pacific Fleet which let U.S. declare war on Japan?
Pearl Harbor
What was the name of the Nazi puppet state set up after invading France that was governed in Vichy?
Vichy France
Who was the British Prime Minister during WW2?
Winston Churchill
Who was FDR’s vice president that ended up ruling from the end of WW2 to the beginning of the Cold War?
Harry Truman
Who was the U.S. president during WW2?
FDR
Who was the Japanese Prime Minister who launched the Pearl Harbor attack and refused to surrender to the atomic bombs?
Hideki Tojo
Who was the American propaganda image that was popular between women during WW2 who were working in factories while men were at war?
Rosie the Riveter
The name of the meeting between the Big 3 during the end of war on European front where they decided to split Germany?
Yalta Conference
What country was divided into four parts with each part belonging to either U.S., France, Britain, and USSR who eventually refused to give up the eastern part?
Germany
list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
What was the name of the American aid for the West Berliners surrounded by the Berlin Wall?
Berlin airlift
What was the name of the barrier built by the Soviets in Eastern Germany to stop East Berliners from fleeing and symbolize the Iron Curtain?
Berlin Wall
right of people to choose their own form of government
Self-determination
payment for war damage or damage caused by imprisonment
Reparations
What was the name of the plan that supplied nations after WW2 from the U.S. with aid packages to help rebuild?
Marshall Plan
Treaty that forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I
Treaty of Versailles
What is the name of the international peacekeeping organization formed at the end of WW2 where every member can vote but the security council can veto power?
United Nations
Who are the members of the security council of the UN?
France, U.S., Britain, China, Russia (USSR)
The U.S. strategy of limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control
Containment
Countries that are politically and economically dominated by another nation
Satellite nations
Communist ruler of Cuba during the Cold War
Fidel Castro
What was the name of Stalin’s predecessor who oversaw the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Nikita Khrushchev
U.S. president after Truman during the Cold War who wanted to put a man on the moon
John F. Kennedy
U.S. president after JFK’s assassination who promoted the Vietnam War
Lyndon B. Johnson
Truman’s policy to support nations being threatened by communism
Truman Doctrine
When Soviets made Cuba communist and built missile bases there which was quickly stopped by naval quarantine
Cuban Missile Crisis
China’s first communist leader who set up the People’s Republic of China
Mao Zedong
Chinese nationalist ruler overthrown by Mao Zedong’s communists
Jiang Jieshi
Zedong’s Red Guards formed by Chinese teenagers to accuse & punish those they considered “bourgeois”
Cultural Revolution
Backyard industries, including collectives, produced low-quality goods, and a food shortage was caused by bad weather and individual farmers having no incentive to work, leading to mass starvation in China
Great Leap Forward
A war fought to stop North Korea from making South Korea communist which ended up in splitting them at the 38th parallel
Korean War
Gorbachev’s policy to rebuild Russian economy which caused unemployment because no one could afford government factories in communism
Perestroika
A thin band of territory across the Korean peninsula separating North Korean forces from South Korean forces; established by the armistice of 1953
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
A race for better weapons between each superpower (mostly U.S. and USSR) to match new weapons which ended up in SALT to limit the number of nuclear weapons including ABMs
Arms Race
Gorbachev’s glastnost caused unrest and caused independent republics to form starting in the Baltics and ending with the Warsaw Pact being dissolved
Collapse of the USSR
Organization for the nations of the world to join together to ensure security and peace for all memenbers, WWI
League of Nations
Autocratic government, Russian rev
Tsarism
a form of feudalism in which landless peasants were forced to serve the land-owning nobility, russian rev
Serfdom
When the procession of workers reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. Russian rev
Bloody Sunday
a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian culture and the Russian language. Russian rev
Russification
By this act all peasants, or serfs, were set free from personal dependence on their landlords, Russian rev
emancipation
Economic hardship, food shortages and government corruption were all what?
Causes of the Russian Revolution
a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist who was the founder and first leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Lenin
form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; According to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole
Communism
the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the Provisional Government.
February Revolution
the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917
October Revolution
Proletariat
working class
Bourgeoisie
The middle class
who ruled Russia for over three centuries until Nicholas II abdicated in 1917
Romanov
an attempt of the Bolsheviks to revive the Russian economy after years of War Communism
(NEP) NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
who organized and armed Bolshevik militias across Georgia, running protection rackets and waging guerrilla warfare.
Stalin
the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies.
Russian Civil War
implemented by Joseph Stalin, concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods.
5 Year Plans
in the United States and Europe in the 1920s, a rebellious young woman, interwar years
Flappers
the peasantry were forced to give up their individual farms and join large collective farms
Collectivization
a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the United States from 1920 to 1933
Prohibition
Who found that the atoms of certain elements spontaneously release charged particles, interwar years
Marie Curie
Who made the theory that measurements of space and time are not absolute, but are determuund by the relative positions of the observer?, interwar years
Albert Einstein
The cultural awakening among blacks in Harlem, NYC, interwar years
Harlem Renaissance
Fear of racial and the Bolshevik revolution, interwar years
Red Scare
a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state
totalitarianism
any centralized, authoritarian government system that is not communist, whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights
Fascism
a painful time of global economic collapse, starting in 1929 and lasting until about 1939
Great Depression
under what plan did Germany’s annual reparation payments would be reduced, increasing over time as its economy improved
Dawes Plan
Conflict in Asia began well before the official start of World War II. Seeking raw materials to fuel its growing industries, Japan invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931.
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Who took the title iL Duce “the leader”, his dictatorship was upheld by terror, and forbid workers to strike while capitalism was upheld
Mussolini
Who took the name title Der Fuherer - “the leader” and ruled Germany as a totalitarian dictator
Hitler
1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
Mein Kampf
Allied Powers of WWII
Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union
Axis powers of WWII
Italy, Germany, Japan
