History - Collective Revision S1 Nazi Germany Flashcards
On which date was the Night of the Long Knives?
June 30th 1934
Which organisation and which leader specifically was targeted on the Night of the Long Knives?
The SA (stormtroopers) led by Ernst Röhm
Why did Hitler move to eliminate the SA on the Night of the long knives?
- They had a huge membership, around 3million. Too powerful and too big
- Hitler didn’t like the SA as they were unorganised and uncontrolled
- Some in the SA sought to wage a 2nd Revolution against the traditional right and the army
- Hitler viewed Röhm as a threat due to his military aspirations
- Hitler and other Nazis (such as Goering and Himmler) also didn’t like Röhm personally.
(+6. Röhm was homosexual)
Where was the SA meeting on the Night of the Long Knives?
Bad Weisse
What happened on the Night of the Long Knives?
- Leading SA members were arrested, imprisoned or killed, including the imprisonment of Ernst Röhm
- Political rivals of the Nazis, Von Schleicher and Von Kohr were shot and Von Papen was arrested but later released
On which date did Hindenberg die?
2nd August 1934
On which month of 1934 did the army have a change in their oath and what was this change?
August, pledged allegiance to the Führer
Who were the Shutstaffel and what was their original role?
The SS were the Nazis personal protection squad, founded in 1925 and led post 1929 by HEINRICH HIMMLER
Separated from the SA in 1930 and became Hitler’s internal police force
Who led the following proponents of the Nazi police state: SS (and SD), Gestapo
SS - HEINRICH HIMMLER
SD - (OWNED BY SS) operated by REINHARDT HEYDRICH
Gestapo - HERMAN GOËRING pre 1936 - then HEINRICH HIMMLER
Where was the first concentration camp and when was it built? Who ran it?
Dachau - 22nd March 1933
Led by Death’s Head Unit of the SS
What were the four parts of the SS
SS
SD
Waffen SS (military)
Death’s Head Unit
What law gave the Gestapo the power to use illegal methods? What year was it enforced?
The Gestapo Law - 1936
What was the role of the Gestapo?
Secret state police - tracked and hunted enemies of the state, or anyone who opposed the Nazis
What changed in the Judicial system in 1934?
The people’s court was founded - nazification of judicial law including:
1. Removing non Nazi judges in order to have the power to sentence anyone the Nazis wanted to (E.g. purge of judiciary)
2. Removing non Nazi Lawyers
Where were the Gestapo formed and when?
1933 in Prussia
Extended their control to all of Germany by 1936
Who was the minister of the interior under Hitler’s first cabinet?
Wilhelm Frick
What was the most crucial Law in solidifying Nazi control? When was it passed?
The Enabling Act
Voted on March 23rd 1933
Passed March 24th 1933
On what date was the enabling Act voted on
and
when was it signed?
March 23rd 1933
And
March 24th 1933
When were the Trade Unions forcibly closed?
May 2nd 1933
When and to what were the Trade Unions merged by the Nazis?
May 10th 1933, DAF (German Labour Front)
What piece of legislation was passed on July 14th 1933?
The Law against the formation of Parties
When did the Reichstag Fire occur and what decree was passed?
Feb 27th
Decree for the protection of the people and the state Feb 28th
How many people were in concentration camps by 1939?
162000
Who was the Nazi Minister of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment?
Josef Goebbels
What is an example of a ‘sound bite’ used by the Nazis?
‘Kinder, kuche, kirche’, ‘blood & soil’, ‘germ cell of the nation’, ‘different not inferior’ or ‘bread & work’
By 1939, how many newspapers did the Nazis own?
67%
What was the name of the Nazi news company?
What was the name of the Nazi press company?
DNB or Nazi news agency
Eher Verlag - press
When was the burning of the books?
10th May 1933
When was the editor’s law passed? What did it do?
October 1933, reduced newspaper independence and facilitated Eher Verlag taking over papers
When was Nazi approval officially required to become a journalist?
1935
Which groups did the Nazis specifically target in publication of books?
Socialists, Pacifists and Jews
What was the name of the State produced radio and what was the benefit of owning it? What did it do specifically?
Volksempfanger
Very cheap if not free
Only broadcast from domestic stations, most of which the Nazis controlled
What was the percentage of Germans who owned a radio (give comparison between timeframes)?
70% in 1939
~25% in 1932
What did the Nazis install in public settings?
Loudspeakers and public address systems
Name two examples of Nazi funded films
‘The Eternal Jew’ 1940, ‘Our flags lead us forward’ 1933
When were rallies ordered and why?
Nighttime, Nazis believed people would be more reciprocal to propaganda
Name some banned media
Foreign music, anti-Nazi jokes and gossip, exhibitions of ‘degenerate art’, authors and foreign broadcasts
Name the Nazi’s key architect
Albert Speers
Which two groups specifically opposed the Nazis?
Church hierarchies and the youth
Name two Youth opposition groups
Swing Youth and Edelweiss Pirates
How did the Edelweiss pirates display opposition?
First they did not join the mandatory Nazi Youth organisations
Then they began using petty crime
In the war, they began active resistance
Which member of the Catholic Church in Germany opposed the Nazis?
Archbishop of Münster Clemens Von Galen
Used sermons to oppose Nazis
Which Pope wrote an article opposing the Nazis, when and what was it called?
Pope Pius XI,’with burning anxiety’ in 1937
Called Hitler ‘a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance’
Which poem did Martin Neimoller write? What was this poem about?
‘First they came’
About ruthlessness of Nazi eradication of groups in German society.
How did Dietrich Bonhoeffer protest the Nazis pre war? What policies did he oppose?
Through sermons, he openly opposed Nazi euthanasia and anti-semitism and also the founding of the Reich church
How did churches oppose Nazi education and stripping of religious curriculum?
The churches continued teaching it until their control over schools was removed.
How many people were imprisoned for political crimes in Germany between 1933 and 39?
700000
Was there any active resistance to the Nazis pre war?
No
Which Youth organisations did children have to attend?
Boys:
pimpfe (cubs) - 6-10 (1939)
Deutsches Junvolk (German youth) - 10-14 (1933)
Hitler Jungend (Hitler Youth) - 14-18 (1933)
Girls:
League of German girls (JM) - 10-14 (1939)
Deutsches Jung model (BDM) - 14-18 (1936/7)
Faith and beauty - 18-21
Why did Churches support the Nazis to begin with?
- The Nazis sent an old fashioned message of family first
- Hitler used speeches to send support to churches
- Catholics and Nazis opposed communism
What was the name of the verbal agreement between the Nazis and the Catholic Church? When was it signed and what did it mean?
Concordat
1933
Agreed that the Nazis would leave the church alone so long as they stayed out of politics
When were the Catholic Youth groups banned?
1936
When were other alternative youth groups banned? (Excluding church)
1936
Did the Catholic Church oppose the Nazis often?
No
Due to the 1933 concordat
Although many priests were attacked
How many Germans were in the Reich Church/German Christians/German Faith Movement?
Who led it?
- 5% of the population
- Ludwig Möller
What organisation was in charge of public works schemes?
The Reich Labour Service (RAD)
Who was in charge of the New plan?
Hjalmar Schact
Who led the Four Year Plan?
Hermann Goëring
Name 3 propaganda slogans the Nazis aimed at women.
- The 3 k’s (kinder, kuche, kirche)
- ‘Germ cell of the nation’
- ‘Different not inferior’
Where women counted in unemployment figures?
No
This is the same for minority groups
How many female teachers and doctors had there been in Weimar Germany? How did Nazi policy impact these figures?
100000 female teachers and 3000 female doctors
Within a year of Nazi control (1933), most had been sacked or coerced to leave their posts
What did the Nazis change with regards to the civil service and law for women?
In 1933, women were banned from holding civil service positions
In 1936, female judges were banned from practicing
What organisation did the Nazis introduce in place of women’s groups? What values did it promote and how did it promote itself?
Women’s league or Frauenfront
They were apolitical and encouraged good housekeeping
They had a magazine named Frauen Warte which had a circulation of 2 million
Who did the DAF prohibit from joining meetings if they had poor dietary choices? What was this condition?
Women
If they smoked, they were allowed to be excluded
What part of the ‘Law to reduce unemployment’ in 1933 encouraged childbirth? Who paid for this?
Marriage Loans
600 to 1000 marks to give up work, which was not paid back if a women had four children.
A bachelor’s tax was implemented to fund this, which also encouraged marriage.
What were the huge benefits for recipients of the Honour Cross?
A gold award allowed a recipient to be taxed less and claim increased state benefits.
What was the name of the remaining underground communist movement in Germany?
The Red Orchestra
On what date was the SPD banned?
June 22nd 1933
On what date was the date of the ‘Law against the formation of parties’?
July 14th 1933
On what date did the last of the major political parties in Germany disband? Who were they?
The centre party on July 5th 1933
When were trade unions merged? What was their new name?
May 10th 1933
The DAF (German labour front)
On what exact date were the Reichstag elections where the Nazis won 288 seats (340 in coalition)?
5th of March 1933
Which party were banned due to the ‘decree for the protection of the people and the state?
The KPD (communist party)
Feb 28th 1933
How many voted in favour of the enabling act?
444 for
96 against (all Social Democrats)
What is the name for the forced integration of Aryan children and women?
Lebensborn
By which year was divorce actively encouraged in childless couples?
1938
What was the change in birthrate (give timeframe)? Was this because of Nazi policy?
970000 in 1933
1.413m in 1939
Most likely not because of Nazi policy
What law was enforced which allowed for the sterilisation of disabled men and women? When was it enforced?
The law for the Prevention Of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring
1933
How many women failed to obtain a marriage certificate?
1 in 25
Which organisation was in charge of forced sterilisation? How many women were forcibly sterilised by 1939?
Genetic Health Courts
350000
What was the cycle for those refused marriage licences?
Certificate refused —> Workhouse (‘rehab’) —> Concentration Camps
Which body examined potential recipients of the Honour cross? When were they formed? What powers did they yield?
Post 1938
League of Large Families
They had the power to send mothers they saw as ‘neglectful’ to workhouses or, if ‘unreformable’, concentration camps
How did Nazi education policy backfire with regards to women?
By war preparation time, women were forced back into the workplace (due to conscription)
They were unqualified and lacked skills, so the time consuming policy of ‘Duty Years’ had to be implemented
1937
How did Nazi family rewards appear to Germans?
Germans believed the Nazis were purely rewarding existing large families rather than promoting growth
What effect did relaxation of marriage laws have? When was this?
Marriage grew
1938
What was the progression of Hitler Youth organisation compulsivity?
1933, encouraged but not compulsory
1936, alternatives all banned
1939, Compulsory
When was the law which made the Hitler youth mandatory and what was its name?
Hitler Youth Law
March 25th 1939
What were girls taught broadly? Why was this?
Maternal, housekeeping skills, forcing women into the home
What was the total enrolment in the Hitler Youth by 1935? (Give each gender’s total)
Male, 2.3m
Female, 1.5m
What was the monthly magazine for boys in the Hitler youth?
Will and Power
What effect did the (1936) Hitler Youth law have on education?
Education was drastically reformed and Nazified (e.g. eugenics teachings)
What was the teachers union founded by the Nazis? How many were in it by 1939?
Nationalist Socialist Teachers Alliance
97% of all teachers
What three, state ran schools were founded and who taught in them?
- Adolf Hitler schools: P.E. And eugenics taught, led by leader and commanders, not teachers and principals
- National Political Institutes of Education (Napolas): military schools, for those between 11-18. Proceeded to the Waffen SS
- Order Castles (ordensburgen): elite students from above, prepared to be elite SS officers. Used live ammunition and war games
What year was the purge of education?
1934
What is the German word for ‘Master race’
Herenvolk
What is the German word for Subhuman
Untermenschen
What policy involving the disabled did the Nazis implement between 1939 and 1941?
Euthanasia (killing)
Which law allowed the Nazis to sterilise the disabled?
The 1933 diseased offspring law
How many men and women were sterilised between 1934 and 1945?
300000
What is another name for the Roma Holocaust?
Parajmos
What did the Nazis attach to the Hitler Youth in 1933?
The institute for ‘sex research’
Which ‘studied’ homosexuality
What did the law for the reformation of the state do? (Janurary 1934)
It abolished the Reichsrat and with it, the local governmental system in Germany
Who was the Nazi Minister for education?
Bernhard Rust
Who was the last chancellor before Hitler? When was he killed?
Kurt Von Schleicher
Killed on Night Of the Long Knives
When was religion banned in schools?
1939
What percentage of the vote did the Nazis receive in the election in January 1933?
33%
What church was Martin Neimoller and Dietrich Bonhoeffer in? When was it founded?
The Confessional Church
October 1934
When was American swing music banned?
1935
Who led Frauenfront?
Gertrude Von Klink
When were duty years introduced?
1937
What did the SPD morph into after being declared illegal
The Manheim Group
What was the umbrella term for the underground communist movement?
The Red Orchestra
What is the definition of a police state?
A state whereby the police are politically motivated and are no longer neutral
What youth organisation was for women between 18 and 21
Faith and beauty
What was the name of the media tycoon who supported the Nazis and aided their propaganda?
Alfred Hugenberg
When did Hitler give a radio address to the nation?
The day after becoming chancellor
What was the name of the Nazi propaganda film based on the 1936 Berlin Olympics?
Olympia
What new government ministry did the Nazis form?
The ministry of propaganda and public enlightenment
How many books were burned on the ‘Burning of the books’ on May 10th 1933
The writings of 2500 authors
20000 books by banned authors in Berlin
