History - Collective Revision NI 1965-98 Flashcards
Who was the leader of the UVF in 1966?
Gusty Spence
Who was the supposed first victim of the troubles? When was he killed?
Peter Ward
1966
A west Belfast barman
Killed by the UVF
With teenager John Scullion
What were the three aims of Terence O’Neill?
- Economic development
- Conciliation within NI
- Improving relations with the Republic
How much money did O’Neill’s government pledge to invest in development of the economy?
£900m
How did O’Neill’s government try to attract foreign buisnesses?
They implemented grants and tax breaks for the building of factories
subsequently, the jobs they would create would repay the economy
Give examples of businesses who came to NI under O’Neills government
Grundig, Dupont, Michellin, Goodyear etc.
What government ministry was established under Terence O’Neill? What year was it established?
The Ministry of Development - 1965
For the creation of infrastructure, housing, factories etc.
What was established under O’Neills government which was headed by Brian Faulkner? What was it’s purpose?
The Economic Council
To head economic strategy in NI
In which 4 areas did O’Neill promise reforms?
Housing, job allocation, elections and education
Which university was established under O’Neill’s government?
The University of Coleraine
Which new town/city was established by O’Neill’s government?
Craigavon
(after James Craig)
Give examples of improved transportation infrastructure under Terence O’Neill.
- the M1 Motorway
- improvements and upgrading of the rail network
- a new International Airport at RAF Aldergrove
Etc.
What did O’Neill’s government build in Belfast harbour?
An Oil Refinery
In what way did O’Neill’s government divide NI? Why?
NI was divided into 5 Economic Development Zones
to promote economic investment
What key event opened 1969
People’s Democracy March Jan 1st-4th
Belfast to Derry
Burntollet bridge ambush halted its progress
What was unionist opinion on O’Neill like from within his own party at the beginning of 1969?
Unionists within and outside his party became frustrated at his reformist attitudes to Nationalists
Tensions were growing (early 1969)
How did O’Neill respond to unionist opposition in February 1969? Explain the outcome.
He called an election to try and gain support - known as the crossroads election
He humiliatingly came close to losing in his own constituency (Bannside) to avid critic Ian Paisley
This only grew tensions politically
How did the loyalist paramilitaries oppose O’Neill in 1969?
UVF bombing campaign (march/april 1969)
Further increasing tensions
On what date did O’Neill resign as PM?
28th April 1969
What two events took place in Derry on August 12th 1969?
- Apprentice boys annual parade (legal)
- NICRA march in response to lack of implementation of 5 point plan (illegal)
Who was O’Neill’s successor as PM?
James Chichester-Clark
Why was the August 12th NICRA march declared illegal? How did nationalists see it?
The risk of violence between NICRA members and Apprentice Boys members
Nationalists viewed this as the state favouring Unionists and Protestant organisations etc. or as them blocking freedom of speech for protestors
How did the police respond to the August 12th NICRA march? How did NICRA members and nationalist members of Derry respond?
They used force
This spawned violence for the next three days in what became known as…
The battle of the Bogside - aug 12th-15th
What was happening in Belfast at the same time as the Battle of the Bogside in Derry?
Sectarian disturbance
The worst of which was the burning of nationalist homes in Bombay Street
How many Catholic families were forced to move houses around the time of the Battle of the Bogside and sectarian disturbances in August 1969
3500
This was the largest forced movement of people in Western Europe since WWII
How many casualties were reported after the Battle of the Bogside?
7 died and 100 were injured
What impact did violence in August 1969 have on policing?
The B-specials and RUC were stretched thin and had lost control
How did the Irish government respond to the ’battle of the Bogside’ and violence in 1969
- Dublin sent a security intelligence officer to NI
- Taoiseach Jack lynch said on Aug 13th (‘69) that ROI could no longer watch and do nothing
- they began deploying troops on the border (field hospitals)
- they accepted refugees from cities and towns like Derry, Belfast, Newry etc where they were forced from their homes
What was the unionist opinion on the Irish government response to violence in 1969?
(Extreme unionists particularly)
They felt that, particularly the deployment of field hospitals, was a clear provocation as troops were stationed on the border (felt like a pretence to an invasion)
What was the code name given to the implementation of internment?
Operation Demetrius
Which street in the Catholic clonard area was almost completely burned to the ground during August 1969?
Bombay Street
On what date were British troops deployed onto the streets of Northern Ireland?
August 15th 1969
What was the immediate reaction of Nationalists when British troops were deployed in NI?
They were pleased as they felt they would now be protected from the RUC, B-Specials and Loyalist mobs by the neutral military
What was the name of the report that assessed bias in policing after the 1969 violence?
The Hunt Report
What did the Downing Street Declaration of 1969 promise?
Nationalists were equal to British citizens
and
Unionists shouldn’t fear the break up of the UK
What was set up to investigate the causes of the violence in 1969?
The Scarman Tribunal
Why did the PIRA break away from the IRA in late 1969? (6)
They differed on views on how to pursue their policies:
- they wanted to use force to cause a British withdrawal (e.g. creating an unstable economic climate by attacking buisnesses)
- they wanted to end stormont governance which they viewed as unionist one-party rule
- to achieve a united ireland (both agreed on this)
- to establish a 32 county socialist republic (both agreed on this)
- to resist British imperialism (e.g. attacking army members and policemen)
- to protect catholics/nationalists, who had been subject to violence in august 1969
What was the death tolls in NI from 1969 to 1972? What did this signal?
1969 - 13
1970 - 25
1971 - 174
1972 - 496
A significant escalation
In what year was the UDA formed?
1971
What name did the UDA often use to claim sectarian murders?
UFF (Ulster Freedom Fighters)
What was different about UVF policy and UDA policy (upon their formation)?
UDA were open to targeting catholic civilians deliberately (even though they claimed not to)
The UVF, although they did kill civilians, targeted members of the IRA almost exclusively
What community made up the UDA membership as opposed to the UVF?
What was the membership of the UDA at its peak?
Were they illegal?
Who reformed the UDA? When?
Working class loyalists were the pro dominant core of the UDA
40000
They were legal, although they engaged in illegal activity constantly and nearly collapsed as a result
1973 - UDA reformed by Andy Tyrie
Name 3 aims of the UDA
- To protect loyalist communities
- to stop a united ireland
- to block concessions to catholics
What was the mottos of the UVF, UPV and UDA?
Why did this cause controversy for Ian Paisley?
UVF and UPV: For God and Ulster
UDA: Law before violence
Paisley’s UPV shared the same motto as the UVF, making some believe he was part of the UVF, who were much more violent
In what month was the Falls Road Curfew?
What was it?
July 1970
A 34 hour curfew on the lower falls, trying to find IRA guns (army conducting arms searches over that period)
On which date did James Chichester-Clark resign as PM? Who replaced him?
20th march 1971
Brian Faulkner
What was internment?
What law made it legal?
Arrest and detention without trial of all those suspected of conspiring to destroy the state
The 1922 Special Powers/Civil Authorities Act
On which date was Operation Demetrius launched?
9th August 1971
How did the SDLP respond to internment?
- They withdrew from stormont
- they began a rent and rates strike
How did NICRA respond to Internment?
They resumed marches
On 22/1/72 and 30/1/72
On what date was Bloody Sunday?
30/1/72
On what date was the McGurk’s Bar bombing? Who was behind it?
How many died/were injured?
4/12/1971
The UVF
15 dead
17 injured
How many died on Bloody Sunday?
13 and 1 later
Name the inquiry into Bloody Sunday
The Widgery Inquiry
Name some ways nationalists responded to Bloody Sunday
- IRA membership grew
- British embassy in Dublin burnt down
- international outcry at murder of innocent civilians
What organisation did William Craig set up in February 1972?
Ulster Vanguard
What is meant by Direct Rule?
Removal of Stormont Govt with decisions for NI being made in Westminster
What day did the Stormont govt resign after Ted Heath removed security powers?
22/3/1972
What date was there a demonstration at Stormont to see out the final hours of the Unionist Govt?
How many attended?
28/3/1972
100000
When was Bloody Friday?
21/7/1972
How many bombs did the IRA let off on Bloody Friday?
24 bombs
20 of which detonated
What was the code name given to the reclamation of paramilitary ‘no go’ areas?
Operation Motorman
When was operation motorman?
31st of July 1972
When were plans for a new Power Sharing Assembly announced?
March 1973