History and Physical Examination

Question 1

Prerenal

azotemia should be suspected in the setting of:

Answer 1

vomiting,
diarrhea,
glycosuria causing polyuria, and
several medications including diuretics, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
orthostatic
hypotension, tachycardia, reduced jugular venous pressure, decreased
skin turgor, and dry mucous membranes
Congestive heart failure, liver disease, and nephrotic syndrome (all d/t reductions in renal blood flow)
Extensive vascular disease
Atheroembolic disease (assoc. with livedo reticularis)
Sepsis

Question 2

Postrenal AKI is suggestive in the setting of:

Answer 2

history of prostatic disease,
nephrolithiasis, or 
pelvic or paraaortic malignancy
Colicky flank pain radiating to the groin (suggests acute
ureteric obstruction)
Nocturia and urinary frequency or hesitancy (can
be seen in prostatic disease)
Abdominal fullness and suprapubic pain
(can accompany bladder enlargement)

Question 3

Some medications and certain doses may cause Allergic interstitial nephritis which is often accompanied with the following s/sxx:

Answer 3

FAR

fever, arthralgias, and a pruritic erythematous rash