History and Modern Systems Flashcards
Thales
Basic substance is water
Anaximenes
Basic substance is air
Anaximander
Basic substance is “potential”, boundless higher power
Heraclitus
Continual change
Democritus
Atoms
Paramendes
Change is an illusion
Socrates
Nature of human existence
Plato
Dualist, knowledge obtained through reasoning only, pure forms (ideas) -> manifestations of forms
Galileo
Primary qualities (described mathematically)/ secondary qualities (love, anger) = irrelevant to scientific inquiry
Newton
6 principles of science
Darwin
Evolution
Empiricism
Truth through sensory experiences
Rationalism
Truth through rationale/rules
A Theory Is
Parsimonious (simple)
Falsifiable (Be able to be proven wrong)
Utility (Useful)
Ontological
What is real?
Epistemological
How do we know what is real?
Determinism
Biological, environmental, sociocultural
Indeterminism
Causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured
Non-Determinism
No causes for much of human behavior, rejection of science as a way of studying behavior
Occams Razor
Ideas should always be kept as parsimonious as possible
Zeno’s Paradox
An object can never reach another because it will have to halve the distance infinitely
David Hume
Demonstrative “a priori”, empirical “a posteriori”
John Locke
Simple and complex ideas (sensation/reflection), passive mind
Berkley
Anti-materialist, God’s perception created reality, passive mind
Immanuel Kant
We are not blank slates, intuition of space and time, categories of understanding (quality, quantity, relations, modality)
Rene Descartes
Innate ideas (in which Lock and Berkley opposed), mind and body are separate
Pierre Flourens
Pioneered extirpation in brain research
Stereotactic Instrument
Mechanical instrument used to extirpate animals, localization of function in animal brains by destroying parts and seeing what behavior was affected
Walter Freeman
The lobotomist
Thorzine
Chemical lobotomy
Phones Gage
Metal rod through eye/frontal lobe, changes in personality (increased anger, etc)
Were these changes due to frontal lobe damage or a traumatic experience?
Edward Thorndike
Puzzle box experiments with cats
Deduced That Learning Is (Thorndike)
Incremental
Automatic
Gestalt Psych + Fritz Pearlz
Focuses on the here and now, hand gestures and expressions in that moment, attempts to draw attention to that persons mannerisms
Jean Baptiste Lamark
Spontaneous generation of individual life forms in history
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Origin of life
Alfred Russell Wallace
Co-discovered natural selection with Darwin
3 Primary Influences on Darwin
Charles Lyell: Proposed a old, slow earth
Thomas Mathus: Principle of population, population rate is growing faster than the increase in resources
HMS Beagle
Proximate (Nico Tinbergen)
Mechanism: Psych
Ontogeny: Evolution of a behavior over the organisms lifespan
Ultimate (Nico Tinbergen)
Adaptive Value: Functional Explanations
Phylogeny: Evolution of a behavior over the species entire existence
