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Senior Psych Exam > Cognitive Psych > Flashcards

Cognitive Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Introspection

A

People report their thinking as they perform a task

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2
Q

Experimental Cognitive Psych

A

Lab experiments with controls and participants

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3
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Study how the brain reacts to certain tasks or stimuli using brain scanning

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4
Q

Cognitive Neuropsych

A

Study brain scans of people with brain damage

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5
Q

Computational Cognitive Science

A

Using computer processes to understand the brain

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6
Q

Object Recognition

A

Match image with internal representation

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7
Q

Feature Theory

A

Match image features with features in memory

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8
Q

Template Matching Theory

A

Compare incoming stimuli to previously known stimuli/2D picture

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9
Q

Recognition By Components (RBC)

A

Rely on goons to recognize objects

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10
Q

Holistic Processing

A

Recognize faces as a whole

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11
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

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12
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

Delusion in which you believe family members have been replaced by imposters

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13
Q

Imagery

A

Mental representation of stimuli not physically there

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14
Q

Propositional Coding

A

We think about specific characteristics

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15
Q

Analog Coding

A

We pull up mental images

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16
Q

Evidence

A

Mental rotation, image scanning, size scaling, selective interference, neurophysiology

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17
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Perceiving information below your conscious awareness

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18
Q

Deja Vu

A

Feeling of familiarity of experiences, but knowing you haven’t (Associative vs. Biological)

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19
Q

Freud

A

Believed that deja vu was caused by repressed memories or desires

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20
Q

Divided Attention

A

States that deja vu is caused by background info that is being absorbed whole you are consciously aware of other things

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21
Q

Hologram Theory

A

States that deja vu is the current/new situation that shares some common components as the old one (enough to feel familiar but not enough to be a memory)

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22
Q

Delayed Vision

A

States that deja vu is visual info that travels through different paths, one piece of info is delayed and when it arrives the brain assumes it has already experienced it

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23
Q

False Memories

A

States that deja vu is something that activates a memory from a movie or something similar and then is interpreted as an actual memory

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24
Q

Blindsight

A

Visual cortex damage, no conscious visual perception, but able to perform visual tasks well

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25
Q

Conscious Will

A

Rubber hand illusion, body swap illusion, out of body experiences

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26
Q

Ideomotor Effect

A

No conscious awareness of your body movements (Ouija board)

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27
Q

Soon (2008,2013)

A

Found a 5-7 second gap between unconscious brain activity and conscious decision

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28
Q

Visual Attention

A

Feature search=parallel processing (all at once)

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29
Q

Conjunction Search

A

Serial processing (one at a time)

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30
Q

Spatial Attention

A

Attention as a “spotlight”

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31
Q

Change Blindness

A

Change in surroundings that go unnoticed by the observer, failure to recognize

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32
Q

Auditory

A

Dichotic listening/selective listening

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33
Q

Divided Attention

A

Influences: Similarity of tasks and practice
Studies: All texts while driving impair attention

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34
Q

Atkinson and Shriffon Model of Memory

A

Sensory store-> STM-> LTM

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35
Q

Sensory Store

A

High capacity, purely physical, brief duration (seconds)

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36
Q

STM

A

Limited capacity (7+/-2), acoustic coding, 15-30 second duration

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37
Q

LTM

A

Large capacity, semantic coding, long and permanent duration

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38
Q

Baddley and Hitch

A

Working Memory Model

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39
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Verbal, auditory info. Word length effects, articulatory suppression, irrelevant speech effect

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40
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Visual, location info. Grid studies, image complexity, imagery studies

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41
Q

Central Executive

A

Manager, controlled updating of buffets, task switching, setting goals and planning

42
Q

Levels of Processing

A

Memory is a continuum

43
Q

Shallow Level of Processing

A

Physical aspects, poor memory

44
Q

Deep Level of Processing

A

Based on meaning, good memory

45
Q

Long Term Declarative Memory

A

Conscious, explicit
Episodic: personal experience
Semantic: knowledge, facts

46
Q

Long Term Non-Declarative Memory

A

Unconscious, implicit

Procedural: how to memory

47
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Difficulty in recalling events before an accident

48
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Difficulty in recalling events after an accident

49
Q

Organic Amnesia

A

Alzheimer’s, Korsakoff’s, brain damage

50
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Limited Amnesia

51
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Amnesia for personal identity including memories; dissociative identity disorder

52
Q

Retrieval

A

Best memory when same encoding and retrieval cues

53
Q

Semantic Cues

A

Associative strength principle

Episodic cues: encoding specificity principle

54
Q

Mood Congruent Memory

A

Best memory is when material conveys the mood that you’re in

55
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

Best memory occurs when you’re in the same physiological state during learning and testing

56
Q

Forgetting Curve (Ebbinghaus)

A

Immediate recall-> Rapid forgetting-> Steady rate of retrieval

57
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Newly learned info interferes with the recall of previously learned info

58
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Difficulty learning new info because of already existing info

59
Q

DRM Paradigm

A

Subjects are given a list of words, and then are prompted with those same words and tend to select words that are related but were not actually present

60
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Implanted false memories

61
Q

Substitution Hypothesis

A

New info replaces old info

62
Q

Coexistence Hypothesis

A

Both memories still exist, false memory is more recent

63
Q

Pollyanna Principle

A

Remember happy things rather than sad things

64
Q

Childhood Amnesia

A

Limited to no memory before 3 or 4 years of age

65
Q

Reminiscence Bump

A

Most likely to remember memories from 15-25 years old

66
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Detailed, vivid recollection of an emotional/important event

67
Q

Link Method

A

Make up story linking items together

68
Q

Method of Loci

A

Associating each item with a location on a familiar path

69
Q

Peg Word Method

A

Mentally link items on your list to a list of peg words

70
Q

First Letter Methods

A

Acronyms

ex: ROYGBIV

71
Q

Keyword Method

A

Linking together any two words in your memory to remember definitions

72
Q

Knowledge

A

Semantic Memory

73
Q

Three Levels of Categorization

A

Superordinate: Most general. Clothing, animals
Basic: Used most often, processed quickly//coat, bird
Subordinate: Most specific, if subject is an expert, subordinate categories become basic// long sleeved blue jacket

74
Q

Hierarchical Network Model

A

Nodes organized into a hierarchy, spreading activation, nodes show category membership and properties

75
Q

Feature Theory: Defining Features

A

All members have these

76
Q

Feature Theory: Characteristic Features

A

Most members have these

77
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Starts with phonemes-> words

78
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Use of higher level knowledge to interpret phonemes

79
Q

Word Superiority Effect

A

Recognizing a letter is easier when it’s inside a word

80
Q

Dual Route Model

A

Phonological Route= Non lexical

Direct Route= Lexical

81
Q

Surface Dyslexia

A

Disruption of the direct route, must sound things out

82
Q

Phonological Dyslexia

A

Disruption of the phonological route, must visually recognize word

83
Q

Eye Movements

A

Fixations
Saccades: Jumps
Good Readers: Longer saccades, shorter fixations, fewer regressions

84
Q

Comprehension Factors

A

Double negative, passive voire, and ambiguity make comprehension harder

85
Q

Schemas

A

Mental framework for organizing knowledge/thoughts

86
Q

Creativity

A

Producing something novel and appropriate

87
Q

Measuring Creativity

A

Divergent Production, RAT

88
Q

Wallas 4 Stage View

A

Used introspection

Preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

89
Q

Rhodes and Stemberg’s Framework

A

Person, process, press, product

90
Q

Amabiles Componential Model

A

Domain relevant skills, creativity relevant process, intrinsic motivation

91
Q

Problem Solving

A

Trying to reach a goal when the path is not immediately obvious

92
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Judge the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to the population

93
Q

Base Rate Neglect

A

Ignore the rate of occurrence and rely on stereotypes

94
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Failure to realize that the probability of two events both occurring cannot exceed the probability of either occurring alone

95
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind

96
Q

Anchoring and Adjustment

A

Making an approximation of a solution and then adjusting that value to fit new info

97
Q

Framing

A

Wording of a question influences decisions
Avoid risks when focusing on gains
Take risks when focusing on losses

98
Q

Sunk Costs

A

Costs are nonrefundable, most people stick with it

99
Q

Type 1 Processing

A

Fast and automatic but not necessarily accurate

100
Q

Type 2 Processing

A

Slower, deliberate process, more likely to be accurate

101
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Drawing specific conclusions from general info

ex: Most teachers don’t like late hw, therefore this specific teacher probably doesn’t like late homework too

102
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Drawing general conclusions from specific info

ex: This teacher doesn’t like late hw, therefore all teachers don’t like late hw

Senior Psych Exam (6 decks)

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