History Flashcards
1
Q
The journey of the vine is linked to
A
Human Migration
2
Q
The revolution in vine knowledge came with the emergence of
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Molecular Biology
3
Q
Only one group of vines can be truly autochthonous and those are
A
The Lambrusco Varieties
4
Q
The word Khtohon means
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Land in Greek and by extention: native to that land
5
Q
Indigenous vine
A
is the place where those vines best express themselves
6
Q
Cultural Diffusion
A
- Passage of genetic materials and agriculture techniques from one place to another without physical displacement of populations
7
Q
Demic Diffusion
A
- Migration of early farmers
8
Q
Vine names are fairly recent, the first Italian documents metioned wine names rather than grape varities on:
A
Municiple statutes and duty tarriffs during middle ages and refer to luxury wines such as: Malvasie, Moscati, Vernacce, and Trebbiani
9
Q
1800s is when
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- Grape varieties assumed a precise biological and identifying label
10
Q
Criteria for naming grape varieties
A
- Color of grape
- Sensory chracterisitcs of grape or wine
- Morphological or productive characteristics of grape variety
- Place of cultivation
11
Q
The mythological tales of the first exploration of the mediterranean was
A
The driving force behind all the subsequent migrations from greece to the west and led to the founding of the Magna Graecia
12
Q
The beginning of the viticultural history of the mediterranean was contained in Canto IX of the odyssey from the description of:
A
The cyclops and Polyphemus getting drunk where it is understood that there were 2 viticultural regions in the mediteranean:
- Eastern part = strong and dark wines from Ismara
- Western Part = the island of the cyclops which is super fertile
This described wild grapes subjected to primitive cultivation
13
Q
The Nostoi
A
- “returns”
- the jounrney of greek heroes returning from the trojan war and represent a guide to the conquest of the west achieved through the colonies of the Eubeans and the Emporiums of the Phocians
14
Q
Apulia in the odyssey was called
A
- Land of wine/ land of wine stakes (Enotria)
15
Q
Entotria
A
- the name the greek settlers called southern italy following the first landings in the 8th century BC
- They came to the west because of poverty and hunger caused by demographic pressure by persians
16
Q
The end of the 12th century BC
A
- Mycenaen civilization collapsed
17
Q
Greek middle ages
A
- Chronic shortage of grain + the need for raw materials for Iron industry and search for new commercial outlets for greek staples (Oil, wine, ceramics) led to Apoikia
18
Q
Apoikia
A
- Relocation of communties from one place to another and implies the abandonment of ones home and defines the birth of many greek colonies in the west
19
Q
Emporion
A
- Port of call/ trading colony
20
Q
Chora
A
- Territory surrounding colony which determines the nature and productive purpose of the colony itself
21
Q
“landless cities”
A
- Trade the only resource because no hinderland capable of supporting inhabitants
- Naples + Adria + Spina
22
Q
Ancient settlers carried with them:
A
- handfuls of dried grapes
23
Q
In Italy, the Etruscan civilization was experienced exponential growth because of
A
- Exploitation of the metals of Elba, Tolfa, and Allumiere but trade was largely in the hands of the Phoenicians (Orientilizing)
24
Q
Orientalizing
A
- An artistic style destined for great commercial success
25
Biblino
Ancient Wine
26
3 routes of entry for wine culture
1. Oldest established in 2300 BC - From Egypt through Crete from the gulf of Alexandretta to Cyprus
2. 8th - 2nd century BC from southern Itlay to the Phocaean colonies in France, Spain, and the upper Adriatic
3. Land routes from neolithic periods that connect the east and the west between Italy, Slovenia and between Durres and Brandisi along the **Via Egnatia**
27
Other alternatives via land and water routes of the river courses
* The trans-balkan circulation used for the transfer of large numbers of people avoiding pirates on mediterranean
28
The Danube
* real backbone of the Balkan transportation system and where several european capitals developed
29
The Via Egnatia
* Hold special significance for the varietal circulation of vines as it connected Italy with istanbul and Transcaucasia
30
Hidden frontiers, borders, (limes)
* Fracture between the viticulture of neighboring territories
31
Borders and "edge effects"
* Cultural paradox where a border can be simultaneously a place of seperation (parallel cultures) and of encounter and fusion (convergence)
32
Define frontier
* the area where interaction between two cultures takes place. Because the frontier is a product of intrusive action, the vine exports its pattern to other places
33
Define hidden frontier
* where vastly different cultures - that maintain their individuality are opposed without ever integrating
34
Adriatic Varieties moving south to north
* Garganega, Bombino Bianco, Visparola
35
Tyrrhenian Varieties moving from sicily north
Mantonico, sangiovese, visparola
36
Every european population traces back to
* Paleolithic hunter-gatherers
* Neolithic Farmers
37
Italian populations appear genetically closer to
* Greek-speaking islands rather than mainland Greece
38
Bronze age Migrations from Northeastern Europe were triggered by
* 4200 BC crisis due to cold-wet period which pushed populations southward for warmer climate
39
As these people populated new lands, they brought with them
Genetic material of viticulture, planting, and propagation - genetic variability of Italians is distributed along the north-south axis reflecting the geography of the country, just as with grape varieties
40
Domestic and wild grapewines can be distinguished by:
* Morphological differences with leaves, flowers, and fruits. Wild vines are hindered by gene flow between the two species
41
The wild grapevines is a
dioecious-flowered liana that grows in North Africa, Europe, and the Near/Middle East between 30-50 degrees
42
Wild grapevines have become rare because
* anthropization of natural spaces, habitat destruction, fragmentation, logging, pathogens, and hydridization with domestic forms
43
The origin of Western European wine grapes is explained by 2 hypotheses
1. Reciprocal gene flow between introduced varieties of Easten origin and local wild populations
2. Cultivated grapes have 2 origins:
* One in the East and the other in the West, where European vines originated from independent domestication events of Eastern wild vines
44
Vine varieties are the result of twofold relationship:
* From nature to man (the wild vine)
* From man to nature (vine obtained by domestication or by selection of spontaneous crosses
45
After the first vine domestication event in the Caucauses Generally:
* Cultivated vines spread southward to Anatolia and Egypt 5000 years ago to reach major civilizaitons around the mediterranean
* The North African route to western Sicily, Sardinia and Southern Spain was led by Phoenicians and the Balkan route to Italy and Southern Europe by the greeks, followed by the significant contribution of the Romans to central Europe and the northern Balkans
46
Where it all began:
* Between the south Caucasus, the northern crescent, and the Levant with the first domestications of local wild grapevines 8,000 BC
47
Where it all began part 2
* Westward dispersal began very early though human migrations and varieties were differentiated for table grapes vs winemaking grapes
48
Domestication of wild grapes in Eastern Mediteranean vs Western Europe
* Eastern 4,000 years ago
* Western Europe 2,000 years ago
49
The genetic identity of the best plants that arose from spontaneous crosses was preserved by:
* vegetative propogation, the first paleogenomic documentation dates back about 1000 years (savagnin)
50
During the spread of vines through the western mediteranean region, the grapevine has increased its genetic variability through:
* the contribution of many germplasms and through progressive human selection
* Many studies suggest the prescence of centers of secondary domestication where spontaneous hybridization between cultivated forms and local wild plants, or direct selection, generated the pattern of modern Western European cultivars
51
There may have been a gene responsible for the transition from wild to cultivated vine as it was responsible for:
* The increase in berry size and thus the selection by humans, this discovery shows that all cultivated vines derive from a single domestication event that occured in present day Georgia (Caucasus)
52
It has been found that some of the most important varieties of wine grapevines such as: Traminer, Sauvignon, Riesling, Pinot, Cabernet, and Merlot
* Derive from crosses between cultivated vines brought from the East and wild European vines
53
The triangle of acclimatization in Magna Graecia
One of the areas that represents Europes oldest winemaking traditions and one of the most important centers for the spread of viticulture in the Mediterranean, not only beacuse of the contribution of Greek colonization but because of its role as a secondary center of vine domestication
54
The grape varieties of the Calabrian, Apulian, Campanian, and Sicilian origin
have contributed to creating the existing grape varieites of central southern italy
55
Why is it called the Triangle of Acclimiatization
* The shape, cultural space, and where the history began and includes part of eastern sicily, southern campania, and Tyrrheninan and Ionian Calabria
56
Varietal circulation later on meant
these vines from Magna Graecia moved to distant territories and had name changes
For example: Nerello Cappuccio is called Carignano in Sardinia
57
The genetic relationship between sangiovese and Mantonico
* were fundamental to creating many ancient varieties especially around etna
58
Sangiovese offspring/siblings
* Calabria: Mantonicone, gaglioppo
* Apulia: Susumaniello, Tuccanese di Turi,
* Tuscany: Foglia Tonda, Morellino del casentino, Morellino del Valdarno, Vernaccia nera del Valdarno
* Sicily: Carricante, Nerello Mascalese, Frappato, Perricone, Arbanello, Reliquia Bianca, Lucignola, Orisi
59
Nerello Cappuccio synonyms
Carignano
60
Grillo parents
Zibbibo + Cataratto
61
Grecanico kinmanship
* Cataratto, Pignoletto (grechetto di todi), and Empibotte Romagnolo
62
Cataratto is closely related to:
* Sicilian Grapes: Frappato, Nerello Mascalese, Perricone
* Tyrrhenian Grapes: Mammolo, Garganega
Others: Foglia Tonda, Morellini del Casentino, valdarno, and Brunellone = this means Cataratto had a very important growing area in Tuscany/corsica area after the initial Calabrian-Sicilian
63
Visparola vs Sangiovese
* Visparola was central to the origin of the germplasm of Adriatic Itlay
* Sangiovese was central for Tyrrhenian Italy
64
The central genotypes and the founders of Italy's native germplasm
* Strinto Porcino + Visparola
* Structured in 3 main centers of diversification with their related grape varieties :
* Southwestern Italy: Sangiovese, Mantonico Bianco, and Aglianico
* Eastern Adriatic Coast: Visparola, Bombino Bianco, and Garganega
* Northwestern Italy: Orsolina, Termarina (sciaccarello), Uva Tosca
65
Within the Muscat Family
* Moscato Bianco and Zibbibo have played key roles in the creation of other Muscat-Flavored varieties in northwest and in many other areas of Italy
66
Strinto Porcino Synonyms
* Porcina Nera di Napoli, Poricuola, Porinola, Forcinola, Porcinola del Vesuvio, Porcinola d'Avellino
67
The relationships between Strinto Porcino, Mantonico Bianco, and others to a small group of 9 varieties from cilento, all of which are offspring of aglianico, suggest:
The kinship groups of Strinto Porcino, Sangiovese, Mantonico Bianco , and Aglianico come from the same areas of diversification: Siliy, Calabria, Basilicata, and southern Campania.
68
The first settlers to arrive in the western mediteranean (after the Mycenaeans)
Euboeans: expert navigators devoted to trade beginning in the 8th century BC who founded emporiums along the Tyrrhenian coast of Etruria and Sicily
69
The first and most importnant colonies of the Euboeans
* Pitecusa, Cuma, Reggio, Zancle, and Naxos--these later became central nuclei for other smaller centers
70
How do we know the location and date of Euboeans?
Skyphoi: Vases typical of Euboeans
71
What path did the Euboeans follow?
* The colonization runs along the same routes that Odysseus would have traveled
72
Cup of Nestor
* Confirmed that Odysseus was the forerunner to all the subsequent travelers from greece who ventured into the mediteranean-- had greek alphabet
73
Symposium
* Rituals where men drank wine and talked
74
Which wines were chosen for Symposiums?
* Blood colored red wines were chosen: Sangiovese especially
75
Interpretations of the name Sangiovese
* Sanguis Iovis or "blood of jupiter" for its role in sacred rituals
76
How do we know Sangiovese was important?
* High number of offspring (17) found in territories of ancient Euboean colonies within the acclimatization triangle and Sicily
77
Visparola relationship with Sangiovese
Grandparent
78
The greek origin of Visparola suggests:
* a flow of germplasm from Greece to southern Italy and then to the Italian Adriatic coast and on to central Europe
79
Visparola is a key ancestor to:
* Several Italian varieties from southern and central Italy as well as 2 important Balkan Varieties: Vulpea
* As well as northern varieties: Glera, Molinara, Refosco
80
Vulpea
* A parent of many northeastern Italian grape varieties
81
In addition to Visparola, these grape varieties have also contributed to the creation of grape varieties along the adriatic coast
* Garganega, Malvasia Bianco Lungo, and Bombino Bianco
82
Moscato Bianco
* Parent of all Moscati
83
Bombino Bianco
Found in many vineyards along the eastern side of the Italian Penninsula
84
Montepulciano
* Most important grape in central italy and has kinship to Garganega
85
Garganega
* One of the first varieties documented in Italy (1309)
* 12 offspring (trebbiano Toscano most famous)
86
So the odyssey and the Euboeans are the points of reference for the Tyrrhenian varietal circulation. The adriatic sea had the
Phocaens - another ancient civilization of Greek origin
87
Phocaen vessels and myths
* Sturdy fleet that allowed them to travel and trade even in the winter-- on the long journey they used the myth of Diomedes (hero of trojan war) and Antenor (wisest Trojan elders) to promote goods
88
Phocaen destinations
* Spina and Adria (both important emporium)
89
The difference in colonization between Euboeans and Phocaens
Phocaens used cultural colonization whereas Euboeans was Demic diffusion (migratory)
90
The ability of the Phocaens to sail in winter + the commercial nature of their activity resulted in:
* a very different result on Adriatic viticulture compared to the Tyrrhenian coast
* The Phocaens spread vine varieties through cuttings and therefore asexual propogation which explains the large number of genetically identical grape varieties found on the eastern and western shores of the adriatic sea --resulting in different names for the same vines
91
The founding grape varieties of central and northwest Italy
* Sciaccarello (Termarina), Orsolina, and Uva Tosca
92
Some vines are cultivated on both sides of the appenine chain between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna where other founder grapes include:
* Uva Tosca, Fortana, and Spergola (vernaccia di Oristano)
93
The genetic relationship between sciaccarello (termarina) and Strinto Porcino and Pecorino mean:
Sciccarello (termarina) is probably from central-south regions
94
Marche Regional insights (vulpea)
* The connection with vulpea and many varieties especially in Friuli-Venezia_Giulia indicate that there is possible origin in Austria
95
Marche regional insights(Visparola)
* Visparola a key variety in the evolution of varietal assortment in the Marche, Tuscany, and Apulia. The origin is attributed to greece beacuse of the relationship with Greek cultivar Augustiatis
96
Marche regional insights (Maiolica)
related to Negroamaro
97
Marche regional insights (link between Marche and Apulia)
* Link is evident with synonym: Bombino Bianco(Apulia) & Passerina (marche)
98
Marche regional insights(visparola hypothesis)
* Visparola moved along two different routes from the southern Balkans to Austria(Byzantines/Romans) and from Sicily to the northern Italian peninsula via Marche(greeks)
99
Bruni 54 synonym
* Dorico
100
Friuli-Venezia-Giulia and Veneto founding grape varieties
* Vulpea, Refosco Nostrano, and Heunisch
* Each have disting geographic and genetic backgrounds
101
Bridge varieties of Northeast founding varieties
* Piccola Nera
* Cjanorie
102
Vulpea name in Veneto and Euganean Hills
* Veneto: Quaiara
* Euganean Hills: Rossetta, Sciavetta, or Doretta
103
Vulpea parents and popularity
* Bratkovina Crna & Gyoengy Fehr
* 19th century Present in almost all Austrian and Slovenia, Romania, and Moravia under the name "Ciorcuta Rosie"
* widespread in FVG and Veneto
104
Refoscos
* Refosco di Rauscedo and Refosco Bianco are related to Refosco Nostrano which means they are a true family. Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso does not belong to the family and is realted to Marzemino and Corvina
105
Ribolla Gialla
* Correponds with Rebula in Slovenia and Greek Robola
* Rebula Stara is different and instead is related to Heunisch Weiss
* Heunisch Weiss has a first degree relationship with Ribolla
106
Trentino South Tyrol (lagrein)
* First mention of Lagrein as "weisser Lagrein" in 1318 while Rott Lagrein (red Lagrein) is 1526
* Gives color and structure to Schiava and Rossara
* Uncertain origin but connection to Teroldego and Marzemino suggests connection to Atesino area
* Lagrein bianco remains uncertain as well but most likely comes from Lagrino Bianco, an anceint variety for valle di Cembra known locally as Chegarel
107
Teroldego
* Known since 1480s
* Sibling of Dureza and has a relationship with Syrah and Pinot Noir
* Refosco dal Penduncolo Rosso is offspring of Marzemino and second generation offspring of Teroldego
108
Relationship between Lagrein, Teroldego, Syrah, and Marzemino suggests
* genetic links to common yet unknown eastern origin perhaps from Phoneacians traveling along the Heracles Road from Cote du rhone to spain, france, and trading places beyond the alps
109
Reze
* Genetic similarities to other Trentino varieties
* Distant relative to Raetica grape variety which conttibuted to the swiss grape varieties (Diolle and Grosse Arvine) and italian varieties (Cascarolo Bianco, Gropello di Revo, Nosiola
* Groppello is also related to Dureza and teroldego
* The Valais in southern switzerland and Val di Non in Trentino were inhabited by Rhaetians. They traded with the Etruscans around 2nd century BC and with other Rhaetian tribes along the Heracles road
110
Vines of Northwest Piemonte (main varieties)
* Moscato Bianco, Coccalona nera, Bottagera, Moiissan, Malvasia Aromatica di parma, Lambrusca di ALessandria, and Nebbiolo. represent the main parents of varietal assortment
111
Vines of Northwest Piemonte (Orsolina)
* result of the meeting of varieties from northern and north-western italy
112
Spanna
* Comes from Spiona and (spinus)- wild black thorn whose blue fruits have a thick bloom
* The name Prunent is also likely derived from this origin^
113
Nebbiolo relatives
Siblings:* Refosco Nostrano, Marzemino, Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso, Spergola, Rossoletta, and Orsanella
* Teroldego is a half sibling
* Other relatives: Bubbierasco, Freisa, Vespolina, Neretto dan giorgio, Negrera, Rossola, Brugnola, Bressana
114
Dolcetto
* Origin in Langhe
115
Coccalona Nera (orsolina in Emilia)
* Originates from Bottagera
* Parent of Barbera, Uva rara, Moscato nero d'Acqui, Vespolina, and Riesling Italico
116
Lambrusco di Alessandria
* Name hints at origin of wild vines but not related to Lambrusco
117
Spergola
* Related to sardinian grape Vernaccia di Oristano confirms that Oristano is not from Sardinia
118
Sicily
Varieties are split into 2 groups:
1. Nine main varieties + some minor varieties
* further divided into 2 groups, western (siculo-punic) vs eastern (greek)Sicily
2. Grillo, Zibibbo and the rest of the minor varieties
119
Sicily wild germplasms
* Austina Bianca
* Bracau (Grecau)
* Giugnatica
* Lorisi (Visparu)
* Mantonico
* Tintore
* Stinto Porcino x Visparola = Carricante
120
Sardinia
* Secondary center of domestication
* High presence of wild grapevines
* Cannonau (grenache) - relation wit Armenian and Georgian varieties
* Bovale Piccolo has a local origin
* Semidano and Nuragus are only grown here
* Semidano with relations to Bianchetta Marchigiana and Occhio Nero (two marche varities) and Drupeggio, a varity shared with Tuscany, Lazio, and Umbria
* Heben, an iberian founding grape, is the parent of local varieties Monica, Nieddu Mannu, and Torbato
* Vernaccia di Oristano is Spergola - so came from Emilia during medieval times
121
Dioeciousness and subsequent cross-fertilization in wild grapevines have
* produced a high level of herterozygosity
122
A common characteristic of many european founder varieties
* They have female flowers and are sometimes table grapes
123
Diocia
* phenotypic trait that characterizes the oldest vines
124
The progeny of a female plant derived only from crossing is:
* Less prone to inbreeding depression or reduced biological fitness
125
Strategy for the emergence of new varieties
* Spontaneous crossing while few cultivars derive from self pollination
