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1
Q

c. 2300–1700 BCE

A

Oxus Civilization (The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex); settled non-Aryan society in present-day southern Central Asia; connections with Mesopotamia

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2
Q

c. 2200–1800 BCE

A

Sintashta Culture: proto-Indo-Iranian speakers around southern Ural Mountains; invention of spoke-wheeled chariot

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3
Q

c. 1800–1000 BCE

A

Andronovo Culture: Indo-Iranian pastoralists expand across Eurasian steppe

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4
Q

c. 1300 BCE

A

pre-Zoroastrian petroglyphs in Seven Rivers region of present-day southern Central Asia

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5
Q

c. 1200 BCE

A

Life of Zarathustra, founder of Zoroastrianism, possibly in Seven Rivers region

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6
Q

546–539 BCE

A

Persian Emperor Cyrus II conquers Sogdiana, founds Cyropolis in Ferghana Valley near present-day Khujand

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7
Q

529 BCE

A

Cyrus killed in battle against Scythian Massagetae led by Queen Tomyris

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8
Q

327 BCE

A

Alexander III of Macedon conquers Sogdiana

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9
Q

312–63 BCE

A

Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, blending of Greek and Iranian cultures in Central Asia

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10
Q

129 BCE

A

Chinese emissary Zhang Qian reaches Ferghana Valley in search of ‘heavenly horses’

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11
Q

247 BCE–224 CE

A

Arsacid (Parthian) Empire rules the Iranian world from Mesopotamia to the Oxus and Indus Rivers

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12
Q

30 BCE–410 CE

A

Indus Valley–based Kushan Empire; spread of Buddhism throughout Bactria

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13
Q

1st BCE to 8th CE

A

Sogdian merchant communities dominate Silk Road trade networks; protected by nomadic Turkic tribes from sixth century

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14
Q

712–22

A

Muslim conquests of Central Asia

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15
Q

755–83

A

Revolt of Sogdian prophetic figure Muqanna‘

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16
Q

819–999

A

New Persian Renaissance under Bukhara-based Samanid Empire

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17
Q

858–941

A

Life of New Persian poet Ja‘far b. Muḥammad al-Rūdakī in Samanid Bukhara

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18
Q

940–1020

A

Life of Iranian national poet Abū’l-Qāsim Ferdawsī in Samanid Khurasan

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19
Q

999–1211

A

Southern Central Asia under rule of Turkic Qarakhanids from Eastern Central Asia and Western China

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20
Q

879–1215

A

Tajik Ghurid Dynasty rules from Afghanistan

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21
Q

1218–22

A

Mongol armies devastate Central Asia, utterly destroying Silk Road cities of Marv, Balkh and Nishapur

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22
Q

1366–1507

A

Samarkand-based Timurid Empire; era of cultural flourishing

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23
Q

1507–1740

A

Uzbek dynasties rule from Bukhara

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24
Q

1740–7

A

Brief reintegration of Central Asia into Iranian Afsharid Empire of Nader Shah

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25
Q

1747–1920

A

Uzbek Manghit dynasties rule from Bukhara and Kokand

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26
Q

1864–85

A

Russia gains control of Tashkent and Samarkand, vassalizes truncated khanates of Bukhara and Kokand

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27
Q

1878–1954

A

Life of Tajik intellectual Sadriddin Aini

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28
Q

1918–31

A

Basmachi (‘bandit’) movement resists Russian rule

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29
Q

1920–4

A

Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic established by Bolshevik revolutionaries

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30
Q

1924

A

Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic created within newly established Uzbek SSR

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31
Q

1929

A

Tajik SSR given full Union Republic status within USSR

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32
Q

1929

A

Ḥabībullah Kalakānī briefly serves as first (and only) Tajik King of Afghanistan

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33
Q

1908–77

A

Life of Tajik academician Bobojon Ghafurov

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34
Q

1991

A

Fall of USSR; Tajikistan becomes independent republic

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35
Q

1992–7

A

Tajik Civil War; almost complete disintegration of Tajik society, industry and infrastructure

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36
Q

1994–present

A

Emomali Rahmon(ov) is President of Tajikistan

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37
Q

2001

A

Afghan Tajik resistance fighter Aḥmad Shāh Mas‘ūd assassinated by Tunisian suicide bomber

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38
Q

2018

A

Improved relations between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan suggests easing of pressures on Uzbekistan’s Tajik population

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39
Q

What civilization existed in southern Central Asia around 2300–1700 BCE?

A

Oxus Civilization (The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex)

40
Q

Who were the proto-Indo-Iranian speakers around the southern Ural Mountains around 2200–1800 BCE?

A

Sintashta Culture

41
Q

What invention is attributed to the Sintashta Culture?

A

The spoke-wheeled chariot

42
Q

What culture expanded across the Eurasian steppe around 1800–1000 BCE?

A

Andronovo Culture

43
Q

When did Zarathustra, the founder of Zoroastrianism, likely live?

A

c. 1200 BCE

44
Q

Who conquered Sogdiana around 546–539 BCE?

A

Persian Emperor Cyrus II

45
Q

Who killed Cyrus II in 529 BCE?

A

Scythian Massagetae led by Queen Tomyris

46
Q

Who conquered Sogdiana in 327 BCE?

A

Alexander III of Macedon

47
Q

What empire blended Greek and Iranian cultures in Central Asia between 312–63 BCE?

A

Hellenistic Seleucid Empire

48
Q

What did Chinese emissary Zhang Qian seek in Ferghana Valley in 129 BCE?

A

‘Heavenly horses’

49
Q

When did the Arsacid (Parthian) Empire rule the Iranian world?

A

247 BCE–224 CE

50
Q

What empire spread Buddhism throughout Bactria between 30 BCE–410 CE?

A

Indus Valley–based Kushan Empire

51
Q

Which merchant communities dominated Silk Road trade networks from 1st BCE to 8th CE?

A

Sogdian merchant communities

52
Q

When were the Muslim conquests of Central Asia?

A

712–22

53
Q

Who led a revolt in 755–83?

A

Sogdian prophetic figure Muqanna‘

54
Q

What was the cultural era under the Bukhara-based Samanid Empire known as?

A

New Persian Renaissance

55
Q

Who was the New Persian poet living between 858–941?

A

Ja‘far b. Muḥammad al-Rūdakī

56
Q

When did the Iranian national poet Abū’l-Qāsim Ferdawsī live?

A

940–1020

57
Q

Which Turkic dynasty ruled Southern Central Asia between 999–1211?

A

Qarakhanids

58
Q

When did the Tajik Ghurid Dynasty rule from Afghanistan?

A

879–1215

59
Q

What event happened between 1218–22 involving the Mongol armies?

A

They devastated Central Asia, utterly destroying Silk Road cities of Marv, Balkh, and Nishapur

60
Q

What was the Samarkand-based empire known for between 1366–1507?

A

Timurid Empire; era of cultural flourishing

61
Q

Which dynasties ruled from Bukhara between 1507–1740?

A

Uzbek dynasties

62
Q

When did Central Asia briefly reintegrate into the Iranian Afsharid Empire?

A

1740–7

63
Q

What dynasty ruled from Bukhara and Kokand between 1747–1920?

A

Uzbek Manghit dynasties

64
Q

When did Russia gain control of Tashkent and Samarkand?

A

1864–85

65
Q

Who was Sadriddin Aini and when did he live?

A

Tajik intellectual; 1878–1954

66
Q

What movement resisted Russian rule between 1918–31?

A

Basmachi (‘bandit’) movement

67
Q

When was the Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic established?

A

1920–4

68
Q

When was the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic created?

A

1924

69
Q

When did the Tajik SSR gain full Union Republic status within the USSR?

A

1929

70
Q

Who was Ḥabībullah Kalakānī and what happened in 1929?

A

He briefly served as the first (and only) Tajik King of Afghanistan

71
Q

Who was Bobojon Ghafurov and when did he live?

A

Tajik academician; 1908–77

72
Q

When did Tajikistan become an independent republic?

A

1991

73
Q

What major conflict occurred in Tajikistan between 1992–7?

A

Tajik Civil War; almost complete disintegration of Tajik society, industry and infrastructure

74
Q

Who has been the President of Tajikistan since 1994?

A

Emomali Rahmon(ov)

75
Q

Who was assassinated by a Tunisian suicide bomber in 2001?

A

Afghan Tajik resistance fighter Aḥmad Shāh Mas‘ūd

76
Q

What happened in 2018 between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan?

A

Improved relations suggest easing of pressures on Uzbekistan’s Tajik population

77
Q

Who are the Tajiks direct descendants of?

A

The Iranian peoples whose presence is attested from the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.

78
Q

What major empires included the ancestors of the Tajiks?

A

The empires of Persia and Alexander the Great.

79
Q

When did the Arab conquest bring Islam to Central Asia?

A

Mid-7th century.

80
Q

Which Iranian dynasty ruled the Tajiks after the Arabs?

A

The Sāmānids (819–999).

81
Q

What was the result of the first Turkic invasions in 999?

A

The area became part of “Turkistan” as many Tajiks were Turkicized.

82
Q

When did the Afghans conquer Tajik lands south of the Amu Darya?

A

Mid-18th century.

83
Q

What significant change occurred for Tajiks after the Russian conquests of the 1860s and ’70s?

A

Some Tajiks came under direct Russian government, and the emirate of Bukhara became a Russian protectorate.

84
Q

When did Tajikistan achieve the status of a Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR)?

A

1929

85
Q

Who was a notable leader of Tajikistan’s Communist Party and a respected historian?

A

B.G. Gafurov.

86
Q

What major infrastructure developments occurred in Tajikistan during the Soviet era?

A

Construction of dams for power and irrigation, and development of industry in the Vakhsh River valley.

87
Q

When did Tajikistan declare full independence from the Soviet Union?

A

September 9, 1991.

88
Q

Who was the former communist leader elected president in November 1991?

A

Rahman Nabiyev.

89
Q

Who took over the government after driving out Nabiyev in 1992?

A

Emomali Rahmonov (later Emomali Rahmon).

90
Q

When was the peace agreement that ended the Tajik civil war signed?

A

June 1997.

91
Q

Which international entities brokered the 1997 peace agreement?

A

The United Nations, Russia, and Iran.

92
Q

What significant change did Rahmonov make to his name in 2007?

A

Dropped the Russian suffix “-ov” to become Emomali Rahmon.

93
Q

When was the IRPT (Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan) banned?

A

September 2015.

94
Q

What is the significance of the Rogun Dam project?

A

Expected to be the highest and tallest dam in the world, doubling Tajikistan’s electricity capacity.

95
Q

What did the 2016 constitutional referendum in Tajikistan achieve?

A

Lifted term limits for Rahmon and lowered the presidential candidate age, benefiting Rahmon’s son.

96
Q

What position did Rahmon’s son Rustam Emomali achieve in 2020?

A

Chairman of the National Assembly, making him first in line for presidential succession.

Tajik language and culture (12 decks)

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