HISTORY 150- Midterm Review COPY Flashcards
What were the major patterns of Native American Life in North America before Europeans arrived?
Huge civilizations centered in Central America and Peru (Incas Aztecs, and Mayans) They made roads and bridges to connect towns. Vast trade networks. Religions and rituals. Hierarchy of king, priests, and commoners.
How did Indian and European ideas of freedom differ on the eve of contact?
European freedoms dealt largely with the ownership of property. If you owned property, you had the ability to vote, to own yourself, to control your own labor, etc. If you didn’t own land, you were not considered free. To the Indians, though, freedom had nothing to do with property, since they did not believe in owning land (land was sacred, natural, and shareable to them. It was not quantifiable in terms of ownership). The Indians believed freedom meant equality, autonomy, and not being controlled by an upper power.
What impelled Europeans explorers to look west across the Atlantic?
They wanted a trade route to Asia so that the they wouldn’t have to trade with people in Africa to get tea and spices from Asia. It cut out the middleman making trade cheaper for them.
What happened when the peoples of the Americas came in contact with Europeans?
When Europeans came over to the Americas, they brought with them many diseases and new products that the Indians had never been exposed to before. Among these were guns, horses, and alcohol, which all proved to be catastrophic in the Indians’ lives. The diseases wiped out mass numbers of them, the horses and guns made tribal warfare much more possible and prevalent, and alcohol caused many addictions and abuses.
What were the chief features of the Spanish empire in America?
"Mined for gold. Used natives as slaves. Were in Mexico and Peru. Headed by lawyers and bureaucrats Catholicism was the religion Encomiendas racial hierarchy- European birth- peninsulares; Spanish+Indian- mestizos; Spaniard+mestiza- castizo; Indian+mestiza-coyote; Indian+African woman-chino"
What were the chief features of the French and Dutch empires in North America?
“The French empire had no desire to settle down in the New World. Their goals were to discover gold and locate a Northwest Passage, neither of which could be found where they were searching. They also established trading posts. Their population was made up of mostly 25-year-old Catholic men.
The Dutch, on the other hand, ended up being interested in settling down and forming a mass trade network out of what is now New York City. While they originally had the same goals as the French, their plans changed when they discovered the Hudson River and recognized the potential it posessed. Their empire was founded on religious freedom and freedoms for women, which made it the most free place in the New World. “
What were the main contours of English colonization in the seventeenth century?
“Young men wanting to mine for gold so they could be rich
England wanted to ““liberate the new world from the tyranny of the pope””
Wanted to free the Indians from Spain
Wanted land for their empire”
How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years??
In Jamestwon people were only worried about finding gold so they neglected to farm so they all died of starvation and dysentery. The Virginia Company forced the settlers to abondon their search of gold and to grow their own crops. They partnered and tried to maintain friendly relations with Powhatan and his tribe through Pocahontas. Tobacco played a big role in stabilizing the colonies, it became the basis of their economy and formed the political classes. There wasn’t a lot of children because many women were indentured servants so they didn’t live long enough to have children. Maryland was made as a refuge place for Protestants and Catholics to live in peace and Jamestown was just a place to make a profit.
How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years??
In Jamestwon people were only worried about finding gold so they neglected to farm so they all died of starvation and dysentery. The Virginia Company forced the settlers to abondon their search of gold and to grow their own crops. They partnered and tried to maintain friendly relations with Powhatan and his tribe through Pocahontas. Tobacco played a big role in stabilizing the colonies, it became the basis of their economy and formed the political classes. There wasn’t a lot of children because many women were indentured servants so they didn’t live long enough to have children. Maryland was made as a refuge place for Protestants and Catholics to live in peace and Jamestown was just a place to make a profit.
What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?
The area was made up of families who were mainly Puritan. They hated Catholicism and believed they were part of the “elect” group. They were an extreme religion who believed there were two groups, the elect and the damned, and they believed nothing you did could move you from one group to another. The men were seen as in charge of everything, but women were spiritually equal. Men became full members of the church by proving they were righteous by giving to the church. Religion and government went hand in hand, and there was an established religion. Children went to school to learn to read the Bible.
What were the main sources of discord in early New England?
“Puritans and Roger Williams believed church and state should be seperated.
Puritans didn’t believe in an established church
Anne Hutchinson taught about religious issues between men and women and believed good works, devotional practices of efforts did not determine salvation.
Hutchinson was a public woman, which was frowned upon by ministers and traditional gender roles.
Puritans punished those who went with the Indian (savages)
Puritans want Indian lands and were very focused on religion.
Monopolies grew as commerce became profitable.
Declining population of the church. “
How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America?
“Concept of freedom was changed: All Englishmen should get rights.
Magna Carta was signed: Protected English freedom and King had rule of law.
Freedom of Speech and Press.
Religious toleration
Right to vote
Stop of public financing of Anglican Church
American people wanted rights after hearing about this.
Hangings and mistreatments declined.
Maryland created a haven for Protestants (religious toleration).”
How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?
Merchantilism through monopolies, special bounties, and other measures regulated by the government. From the conquest of New Netherland the English gained vital trading posts and a base to fight off the French. Covenant Chain with Indians was set up where the English helped the Indians fight off enemy tribes and the Indians helped the English fight off the French.The charter of liberties was backed by the idea that the colonies were being deprived of their rights as Englsihmen to not be taxed without representation. Pennsylvannia was founded by William Penn, a Quaker, who envisioned a place where all religions and white men and Indians can live in harmony. The healthy climate and inexpensive land also helped expand Pennsylvania.
How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?
Indentured servitude was decreasing so the need for slaves was increasing. The death rate for servants was high in the past so many people veered away from it. Also large plantations required lots of harsh labor so it was hard to get servants to come to do that work. The decrese of English emigration because of the increase of England’s conditions led to a decrease on people needing to go into indentured servitude.
What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late seventeenth century?
William of Orange was made king showing that even the king was subject to the law and the English Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act were made. The dominion of New England was established to raise more money from America in order to reduce dependence on Parliament they combined all New England colonies into one, and it was a dictatorship. Boston reinstalled their old government by seizing and jailing Edmund, an English official, and the split back off into their respective governments. Another crisis was the Salem witch trials. People were randomly accused for anything out of the ordinary, and were labeled witches. It became an epidemic where everyone was pointing fingers at each other, and it resulted in many hangings.
What were the directions of social and economic change in the eighteenth-century colonies?
With all of the emigration to New England, England lost a huge chunk of their workforce like skilled craftsmen, carpenters, teachers, ministers,and weavers. With all of the people moving out of the Mother country, they had to get people to stay and work. The new immigrants came from all over europe. In the backcountry of the New World (the area stretching from central Pennsylvania southward to the North parts of the carolinas) many settlers hunted and traded and enjoyed their small farms in the country. In the middle colonies of New England, commerce was popular amongst growing grain for using and trade.
How did patterns of class and gender roles change in eighteenth century America?
The womens roles of working along sides their husbands in the fields began to end. The women now were more confined to the home and they were not allowed to work in those kinds of roles anymore. They were brought back to their basic jobs of cleaning and making clothes and other tasks inside the home.
How did African slavery differ regionally in eighteenth-century North America?
African american slavery differed in different regions. In the north during late 1700’s, the population of blacks wasn’t as big as the south so they didn’t have to set harsh laws in order to keep the slaves under control. Blacks could marry, testify in court, own land, and pass their land onto their sons. In the south on the other hand, slaves had absolutely no freedoms.
What factors led to distinct African-American cultures in the eighteenth century?
The slaves, no matter where they were from were all forced to live together. They no longer really knew where they came from after one generation because they were often split from their families who were the only ones who knew their ancestral background. All they really knew was they were from Africa and that’s how they got the name African-Americans.They combined they´re numerous religion with christianity and had very unique ceremonies which the white people called voodoo because of the difference from their own religion.
What were the meaning of British liberty in the 18th century?
Liberty for the british in the 18th century was the idea or republicanism. Republicanism celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as a feeling of liberty for the people. It assumed that only property owning citizens possessed virtue. Also it assumed freedom is having a say in the government like voting.
What concepts and institutions dominated colonial politics in the eighteenth century?
The right to vote, assembly, press, religion and politics. The ideas of republicanism and liberalism were major parts of colonial life. The local elected assemblies were major parts of colonial politics because, the british government basically left them to rule themselves for many years so they set up their own governments.
How did the Great Awakening challenge the religious and social structures of British North America?
The great awakening called for people to snap out of the Enlightenment and trust their traditional faith. Supporters of the great awakening,like the Wahhabism, urged people to be more religious and this caused lots of preachers speaking in a new way. Priests would be loud and intensely emotional. This challenged the old religious structures of Britain because it split the religions in North America and introduced a bunch of new religions.
How did the Spanish and French empires in America develop in the eighteenth century?
The spanish empire held land from california into the great plains, texas and florida. They continued to try to push their land holdings north of the rio grande further into america. The french empire largley relied on the economy of the fur trade and their outposts in canada. They kept trying push farther south of the great lakes and down the mississippi.
What was the impact of the Seven Years’ War on imperial and Indian-white relations?
Virginia had given Ohio half a million acres of land which threatened the Indians. They had also created the Proclamation line which prohibited further colonial settlement west of the Appalaician mountains. This led to the colonists getting angry because they were stuck in the back country.
