History Flashcards
What date was the peacesettlement being made
1919
what was threatening europe during the time that the peace settlement was being made
hunger,disease,revolution
How many people had died during ww1
10 million
What factors meant that the world would not turn back to normal after ww1
the ongoing influenza epidemic,the german ottoman Austo-hungarian and Russia empires had collapesed which caused chaos and revolution
How badly was Russia affected after ww1
the rule of the upper and middle class was overthrown,a party who claimed to be supportive of working class people established a communist state
Name the prime ministers of Britain,France and the USA during ww1
France:George clemenceau
Britain:David Lloyd George
USA:Woodrow wilson
What were the 3 aims France,Britain and France all had
Punish Germany,Prevent war,Establish order and prevent the spread of communism
How did france want to punish Germany
weaken them to the point they’d never threaten France again,wanted they to pay an enormous amount of reparations,remove any areas that were rich in raw materials,military disabled
How did Britain want to punish Germany
didn’t want to be as harsh as France,this is because they had important trade links with them,lied to his people saying”we will squeeze them like a lemon until it’s pip’s squeak
How did USA want to punish Germany
wanted to base it off his 14 points,wanted a leinent peace treaty
How did woodrow wilson believe stability in Europe could be achieved
by freeing nationalities from foreign rule
What was the most important point of Wilson’s 14 points
the league of nations
What was the league of nations meant for
to settle all disputes before they turned into wars
What was the name of the deal that was signed on June 1919 and blamed Germany for starting the war
the treaty of versailles
What were the terms of the treaty of versailles
Reduced military,had to pay an enormous amount of repartions,consficated area and colonies
In what treaty was who to blame for the war
the war guilt clause
What and when was the final amount of reparations announced
6.6 billon and it was decided in 1921
How was the treaty of versailles adapted so that Germany couldn’t start a war again
army reduced to 100,000 soldiers,navy reduced to 6 battleships,forbidden from military aircraft,tanks,armoured cars and submarines
How was the treaty of versailles adapted to give France additional security
the rhineland was demilitrarised,
What territories did they lose
west:Alsace and Lorraine
Eupen,Moressnet and Malmedy,Northen Schleswig
How was the saar land determined in the treaty of versailles
France had control over the coalfields but the league of nations had control over the government after 15 years people would vote if they wanted it to return to German rule
How were Germany’s eastern borders changed in the treaty of versailles
Poland gained west prussia and posen
What was the polish corridoor
an area of West Prussia where the population was predominantly German
What happened to Germanies colonies after ww1
the victorious countries hoped to gain them but they were given to the league as mandates
When was Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany
January 1933
What did Hitler write in his book while he served time in prison(1924)
he wrote the foreign policy aims he hoped to achieve if he came into power,promised to ignore the treaty of versailles,bring together all German speaking people
How did Gustav Stressman use methods to try and get rid of the treaty of versailles
he used diplomacy
What was Hitler’s plan to achieve greater Germany
to unite all German speaking countries this included Austria,parts of czech and poland to do this he would have to increase the size of armed forces
Why did Hitler hate Jews
he thought they had started ww1,ad thought they had caued economic problems
What idea did hitler blame on the jews
communism
Was the collapse of the German economy a factor of Hitler’s rise
Yes
Why did Hitler want czechslovakia(8 marks)
Czechoslovakia had been set up under the Treaty of
Versailles; ~hich Hitler had promised to overturn.
He saw invading the Sudetenland as the first step
in destroying Czechoslovakia and ·’righting’ another
‘wrong’ of the Treaty of Versailles. Czechoslovakia had
a big· army and strong fortifications .. The Sudetenland
was home to forts, railways and industries, which
could all be used as part of Hitler’s war effort in years
to come: the area had many factories producing glass
ang lignite [a ty~ e of coal], as well as the Skoda
factory, which could be used to build tanks and
other weapons.
Why did Hitler feel he needed to invade the sudetenland
The Sudetenlancf Was home to around th’ree’million
German-speaking people. As a minority group [around
20 per cent of the population)’, the German-speaking
Sudetens claimed that theg had been p·ersecuted by
the Czechs and useq this as an excuse to-start riots.
Hitler ,usep this as an excu!:lf!; /w· needed to step in to 1
‘save’ German speakers in the Sude,t~nland.
Why did Hitler invading the sudentenland looked like a strategic move
The Sudetenland was a good base from which to
launch an attack on Czechoslovakia. The area jutted
into Germany, which surrounded it on three sides.
Hitler thought that owning the Sudetenland would be
a good strategic ,move, making his eventual invasion
of the rest of Czechoslovakia easier.
what excuse did Hitler use to invade the sudetenland
that German-speaking people were being treated badly by the czechs and needed “protection”
How did Hitler gain the sudetenland
he met with neville chamberlin and Hitler told him if he wasn’t given the Sudentenland he would invade czech as neville chamberlin was so desperate to avoid war he agreed
What does appeasment mean and when was it used
desire to avoid war by making conscessions Neville Chamberlin used this when he allowed Hitler to have the sudetenland in hope to stop war
How did Britain react to the treaty of versailles
the general feeling was that it was fair but felt it could have been harsher
What terms of the treaty of versailles was George Lloyd pleased with
the british empire gained extra colonies,german navy was restricted so Britain could rule the waves with no competiton
What terms of the treaty was Geroge Lloyd not pleased with
He thought the loss of German land would cause future problems,he was annoyed about how high the reparations were because this meant it stopped their trade links
What terms of the treaty of versailles was France pleased with
that they were no longer threatnened by Germany in the rhineland and that they would be recieving reparations,they weregiven the saar for 15 years which would help them financially
What parts of the treaty of versailles was clemenceau angry about
he was angry that they were able to obtain an army,thought the rhineland should have been completely taken away,felt they should have been given the saar permenantly,thought the reparations were to small he wanted to see them financially crippled
How did germany react to the treaty of versailles
No one in Germany was happy with the settlement, and the Allies threatened Germans with military invasion to get them to sign the treaty. After four years of war and sacrifice, German citizens felt humiliated to accept blame for the war and territorial loss.
What were the consequences for Austria in the treaty of versailles and what was it called
Treaty of Germain It lost land to Italy and RomaniaLand was taken to create the new states of
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia; Poland, which
was also a new country, was given land, too.
30,000 men in the army
no navy
Forbidden from re-uniting with Germany
What were the consequences for Hungary in the treaty of versailles and what was it called
Treaty of trianon Hungarian land was lost to Romania,Czechslovakia,Yugoslavia and Austria
Economy collapsed
30,000 men in army
Only 3 patrol boats
no conscription
What were the consequences of the treaty of versailles for turkey and what was it called
The treaty of SevresTurkey lost land lost to Greece.
* In Europe Turkey lost all its land, except a small
area around the capital of Constantinople.
* The Turkish (Ottoman] Empire was split up.Turkish army restricted to 50,000 men.
* The navy was restricted to seven sail boats and
six torpedo boats.
What were the consequences of the treaty f versailles for Bulgaria and what was it called
Treaty of NeuillyBulgaria lost land to Yugoslavia, Greece
and·Romania. However, Bulgaria did gain some
land from Turkey.
At what meeting was the league of nations made
the paris peace conference
What were the main structures of the league of ntions
constitution,parlimentray body,council,court of international justice,secreatit.
In the league of nations what did the constitution do
what concerns the league,how decisions were made,what actions it might take
How did the general assembly work in the league of nations
would meet every year,all decisions had to be unanimous
What were the members of the council
Britain,France,Itay,Japan and Germany who joined in 1926
What did the council do
it worked out details of actions or policies
What did the permenant secreait do
dealt with the day to day administrative tasks such as reports,agendas and resolutins
What did the world court do
Advised the league on legal matters,settled legal disputes with other countries
What did the leagues covanent do
tried to avoid conflict,it would persuade countries to reduce their armaments,to stop acts of aggression from countries
What would the league covanent do if countries refused their rules
1.Moral condemnation
2.Economic sanctions
3.Military intervention
What were the 3 strengths of the league of nations
It was written into all of the
peace treaties at the end of
the First World War, so all
nations involved had signed an
agreement that recognised the
organisation.
* It had a vast membership.
* As there were so many
members, economic sanctions
and moral condemnation were
daunting punishments for
many countries.
What were the disadvantages of the league of nations
Big countries like usa were not part of it
The league had no army
Structures were very complicated this confused people therefore slowed action
Decisions had to be unanimous
What was the locarno treaty and when was it signed
a treaty to maintain peace between france and germany-1925
What were the terms of the locarno treaty
Germany accepted the borders that the treaty of versailles had defined,to work together and settle disputes peacefully
Who else also signed the locarno treaty
Britan,Italy,belgium and czech
how was the locarno treaty significant(6 marks)
The Locarno Treaties were extremely significant. Many
felt they represented an end to German resentment of
the Treaty of Versailles, and signed voluntarily, unlike
the Diktat of 1919. Other countries saw this as Germany
trying to become a peaceful nation, and relations
improved so much that by 1925 Germany was allowed
to join the League of Nations. However, some historians
have said that this important treaty marked a failure
for the League of Nations, which should have been at
the forefront of any international agreements regarding
peace, but had had nothing to do with it.
What was the negative impact of the depression
because of the depression many people’s countries were poor which led to unemployment people looked to dictators like Hitler in hope that they’d make their country strong again
How did the depression affect the league of nations
To fight aggressive dictators
the League would need an army. Since it didn’t
have its own it would have to ask its members to
use their armies but countries didn’t want the
expense of a wa; during the Depression. The only .
sanctions the League could impose were ec~nomic.
However in a time of economic crisis countries
Weren’t ~illing to stop trading with others, as th_is
Would create more unemployment and hurt their own people
what caused japan to invade manchuria
because of the depression
What were the reasons for japan to invade Manchuria
Manchuria is geographically close to Japan.
* Japan already had large industries, the South
Manchurian Railway, and an army known as the
Kwantung Army in the area. This foothold would
make invasion easier.
* There was a history of confusion about who owned
the area. Russia, Japan and China had all claimed
it in the past. In 1931 it was ruled by a Chinese
warlord, but his power was weakening.
* Japan was scared that China might kick out
Japanese industry.
* Japan had fought a war against Russia in 1905.
Taking over this land would upset their old enemies
as well as distract the Japanese people from
domestic problems.
What was the mudken incident
an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
Why was the league reluctant to act after japan invaded china
the league did not want a big fight and many people felt that japan owned manchuria
-China and Japan were far removed from the
League’s headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
Britain and France felt that the incident was
simply too far away to be of real concern.
When japan refused to withdraw their troops why couldn’t the league issue anything but moral condemnations
Members of the League could not afford
to send troops so far away to fight
someone else’s battles. Indeed, Britain
and France were still facing depression.
* The League could issue economic
sanctions so that members would stoptrading with Japan. However, Japan’s main trade partner was
the USA, which was not a member of the League.
* The nearest powerful country to Manchuria was the USSR, but
since it had not been allowed to join the League of Nations it
could not be called upon to help.
What did the league do when japan refused to remove their troops
The League put together a Commission of InquiryLytton went to the area,
investigated what had happened, and put together the Lytton
Report, which was published in October 1932. It concluded what
people already knew: Japan was in the wrong. Even if there had
been an attack on the South Manchurian Ra.ilway, Japan had
overreacted and should not have invaded.
The League’s findings were official but Japan still ignored them
and left the League. In February, 1933 the Japanese invaded
Jehol, another Chinese region.
What did the invasion of Manchuria show about the league
that they were to weak and it could be the end soon
Why did mussolini want abynssinia
wanted to rebuild the ancient rome empire and thought abynssinia would be an easy target
-rich in natural resources and had good land for grazing animals
-in 1896 Italy tried to invade abynssinia and failed which was humiliating,he wanted revenge
-confident the league wouldn’t stop him due to their failure in manchuria
-believed that Britain and France would not stop him,they had signed an agreement called the Stresa Front agreeing they would unite against Hitler,France was afraid Hitler might invade them so mussolini thought they would be desperate to keep Italy as an ally
What were the reasons for the league failing in abyssinia
failure to close the Suez canal-this was a quicker way of getting round to east africa or asia Britain or France did not close it for mussolini as they feared he might’ve united with Hilter
-The Hoare-Laval pact-Two people called Pierre Laval and Samuel Hoare went to Italy and said that they could have areas in abyssinia and they would have the fertile areas,this was leaked to the press and proved that Britain and France were undermining the league
-Trade sanctions against Italy and Abyssinia-these didn’t include the ban of oil,steel,iron or coal so Italy could still fuel their tanks.Abyssinia didn’t have any modern machines so they had nothing to defend themselves against
Why did Hitler hate czechslovakia
1.They were a democratic state
2.Born from the paris peace conference
3.Infererior slavs
What did Hitler encourage his supporters to do in the sudetenland
cause destrution
What did the loss of the sudetenland do for czechslovakia
without any borders they were a big target for germany-lacked fortifiction
what was the third reich
the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship
