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Chemistry > Chemistry year 10 mocks > Flashcards

Chemistry year 10 mocks Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the gas test for chlorine

A

Put the gas in the beaker,get a piece of blue litmus paper and dampen it,put in the beaker if chlorine is present it will turn from blue to white

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2
Q

In the chlorine gas test why might the paper briefly turn red

A

because the chlorine dissolves in the water and forms hydrochloric acid

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3
Q

Describe safety steps for the chlorine test

A

wear a mask or do it in a fume cupboard

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4
Q

Describe the test for oxygen

A

Get a glowing splint put it in the beaker with the gas if oxygen is present the flame will relight

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5
Q

Describe the test for hydrogen

A

Get a burning splint and place it near the gas if you hear a pop hydrogen is present

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6
Q

Why do you hear a pop in the hydrogen test

A

because the heat energy burns the hydrogen with oxygen in the air causing it to form water

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7
Q

Describe the test for carbon dioxide

A

Have the gas in a tube and connect it to a beaker full of calcium hydroxide,bubble the solution if carbon dioxide is present the solution will go cloudy

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8
Q

Why does the calcium hydroxide go cloudy in the carbon dioxide test

A

because calcium carbonate is a solid and these particles make it appear cloudy

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9
Q

T or F fuels release energy when they are combusted

A

true

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10
Q

What are 2 examples of fuel

A

coal and hydrocarbons

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11
Q

What is coal used for

A

to generate electricity in power stations

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12
Q

What are hydrocarbons used for

A

to power vehicles such as cars

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13
Q

where are hydrocarbons found

A

petrol or diesel

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14
Q

Where is methane found and what is it used for

A

found in natural gas and used to power homes

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15
Q

what is meant by the term oxidised

A

when something is chemically combined with oxygen

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16
Q

T or F for complete combustion to happen you need plenty of oxygen

A

true

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17
Q

T or F carbon dioxide doesn’t contribute to climate change

A

faalse

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18
Q

Describe carbon monoxide

A

Is a toxic gas with no smell or colour

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19
Q

How is sulfur dioxide created

A

when coal is burnt it produces sulfur which then becomes oxidised

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20
Q

Where are oxides of nitrogen produced

A

inside car engines

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21
Q

T or F nitrogen and sulfur oxides cause breathing problems in humans

A

true

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22
Q

T or F nitrogen and sulfur oxides dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain

A

true

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23
Q

What are particulates

A

unburned hydrocarbons

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24
Q

What do particulates do

A

they increase the risk of heart and lung disease

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25
Q

T or F particulates cause global dimming

A

true

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26
Q

What is global dimming

A

Where tiny particles reflect sunlight away from the earth

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27
Q

What is the name of the atmospheric process which keeps the earth warm by absorbing radiation from the sun

A

greenhouse effect

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28
Q

What is the first step of chromatography

A

draw a baseline and mark it with a sample of ink then place it in a beaker with a shallow amount of water

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29
Q

What is a procaution you should take to make sure the results are accurate in the chromatography test

A

place a lid on top to stop it from evaporating

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30
Q

What is the second step of the chromatography test

A

the dyes will go up the paper producing different colours

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31
Q

when the chromatography test is finished what is the piece of paper then called

A

a chromatogram

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32
Q

What is the mobile phase and give examples

A

the phase that the substances can move in it would be the solvent that we used

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33
Q

What is the stationary phase and give examples

A

the phase where the substances can’t move this would be our paper

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34
Q

What is the calculation for the rf value

A

Distance travelled by the substance/distance travelled by the solvent

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35
Q

T or F using a different solvent or different paper will change the rf value in a chromatogram

A

true

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36
Q

How do you identify the chemical

A

calculate the rf value then look it up in a database,if there are other chemicals with the same rf value repeat it with a different solvent

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37
Q

Name 4 examples of fossil fuels that come from sedimentary rocks

A

oil,petroleum,natural gas,coal

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38
Q

what were fossil fuels formed from

A

dead organic material such as plants or animals

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39
Q

Describe how fossil fuels were formed from dead organic material

A

as the fish or plants died they sank to the bottom of the ocean,over time they were covered in layers of mud,pressure from sediments and heat turned them into fossil fuels

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40
Q

Where do we find coal

A

in sedimentary rocks

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41
Q

Where do we find oil

A

between layers of sedimentary rocks(shale)

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42
Q

Where do we find natural gas

A

in pockets above the oil

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43
Q

T or F one carbon atom can form 4 strong bonds

A

true

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44
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

Any compound that is formed from hydrogen and carbon only

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45
Q

Describe methane

A

It is the smallest alkane and it’s structure is CH4

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46
Q

Describe ethane

A

the second smallest alkane and it’s structure is C2H6

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47
Q

Describe propane

A

the second biggest alkane and it’s structure is C3H8

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48
Q

Describe Butane

A

the biggest alkane and it’s structure is C4H10

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49
Q

What are the 4 main alkanes

A

Methane,ethane,propane,Butane

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50
Q

What are the 4 main alkanes reffered to as

A

Homologous series

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51
Q

What is a homologous series

A

similar properties which react in a similar way

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52
Q

What is the general formula for the 4 main alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2n

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53
Q

How does the general formula work

A

if an atom contains n carbon atoms it will have 2x plus two hydrogen atoms

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54
Q

Are alkanes saturated compounds

A

yes

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55
Q

What does a saturated compound mean

A

every carbon atom has 4 covalent bonds

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56
Q

T or F crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons

A

true

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57
Q

How do you separate out crude oil

A

through fractional distillation

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58
Q

T or F the shortest hydrocarbons are the most flammable so they make the best fumes

A

true

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59
Q

What is fracking

A

a thermal decomposition reaction

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60
Q

What is the process of catalytic cracking

A

vaporise your long chain crude oil,then pass it over the powdered alliminium oxide,as the hydrocarbons come into contact with the catalysts they become split into 2 smaller hydrocarbons

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61
Q

What is the process of steam cracking

A

vaporise your hydrocarbons and mix them with steam,heat them at a high temp this will cause the hydrocarbons to split apart into 2 smaller chains

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62
Q

How does the word equation for cracking work

A

Long chain to smaller chain+Alkene
Alkene has to have the same amount of carbon atoms as the longer chain-smaller chains carbon atoms

63
Q

Decane C10H22 can be cracked into ethene C2H4 and another hydrocarbon write a balanced equation for this

A

Carbon=10-2=8
Hydrogen=22-4=18
C8H18

64
Q

T or F alkenes are also part of the Homologous series

A

true

65
Q

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes

A

Alkenes have double bonds while alkanes have single bonds so alkenes are unsaturated and alkanes are saturated

66
Q

What are two key differences by alkenes

A

more reactive,if you add bromine water to alkenes it will decolorise the bromine water,

66
Q

What is the test for alkenes

A

bromine water

67
Q

what does simple distillation do

A

separates a liquid from a solid

67
Q

What happens in fractional distillation

A

separating a mixture of different liquids from each other

68
Q

What is the difference between simple and fractional distillation

A

fractionall has different boiling points

69
Q

What is the test for fractional distillation

A

have a mixture of 2 liquids in your flask,they get heated into vapours then travel up the fractionating column,when they reach this they condense drip back in the flask and evaporate again the vapours attract the themometer which rises,it goes into the condenser and turns back into a liquid but it’s still a mixture of 2 liquids but because one of them is a lower boiling point it willbe the one that ends up in the beaker and soon after the one with the higher boiling point

70
Q

What is the fractionating column

A

a tube with hundreds of glass beads

71
Q

What would you do if the mixtures had very similar boiling points

A

you would have to carry out several rounds of fractional distillation

72
Q

What is the name of the alkene with the formula C3H6

A

Ethene

73
Q

What is produced when bromine reacts with ethene

A

1,2-dibromoethane

74
Q

T or F methanol is an alcohol

A

true

75
Q

T or F the functional group -OH is present in alcohol

A

true

76
Q

What is the formula for butanol which has 4 carbon atoms in each molecule

A

C4H5OH

77
Q

Which carboxylic acid is produced when butanol is oxidised

A

Butanonic acid

78
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation to produce ethanol

A

glucose to ethanol+carbon dioxide

79
Q

T or F anaeorobic respiration is an essential condition for the fermentation of glucose by yeast

A

true

80
Q

What will be seen if propanic acid is added to a solution of sodium carbonate

A

Bubbles of carbon dioxide will be produced

81
Q

What are the monomers in a protein polymer molecule

A

amino acids

82
Q

what is potable water

A

water that is safe to drink

83
Q

what are the rules for something to be classed as potable water

A

has to have a ph between 6.5 and 8.5,no micro-organisms,level of dissolved substances has to be fairly low

84
Q

Give examples of surface water sources and what is meant by it

A

lakes,rivers,resevoirs,bodies of water that are exposed to the surface

85
Q

what are aquifers

A

permeable rocks underneath the ground that traps water

86
Q

Give examples of ground water and what it is

A

aquifiers,water found underneath the ground

87
Q

what are the benefits of surface water

A

easy to access,replaced frequently

88
Q

What is a disadvantage of surface water

A

when it’s hot it can dry up

89
Q

What are the steps to obtain potable water

A

pass it through a wire mesh to filter out any big things,pass through a bed of sand and gravel which filters out any smaller things,sterilise it to kill any bacteria

90
Q

What are 3 ways of sterilising

A

bubbling through chlorine gas,ozone,ultraviolet light

91
Q

What is meant by desalination

A

extracting potable water from seawater

92
Q

What is the disadvantage of desalination

A

it has to have a lot of energy so is very expensive

93
Q

How do you desalinate water through distillation

A

It is the same as simple distillation but with a larger quantity of water

94
Q

How do you desalinate water through reverse osmosis

A

pass salty water through a membrane and all of the microbes get trapped

95
Q

what are the different types of waste water

A

domestic,aggricultural,industrial

96
Q

What does domestic waste refer to

A

showers,toilets,sinks

97
Q

How does domestic waste work

A

goes from the toilets to the sewage treatment plants

98
Q

What does agricultural waste refer to

A

nutrient-run off,animal waste

99
Q

What does industrial waste refer to

A

factories that make chemicals

100
Q

How do we treat domestic water waste

A

remove any organic matters and harmful microbes

101
Q

How do we treat agricultural water waste

A

remove any organic matters and harmful microbes

102
Q

how do we treat industrial water waste

A
103
Q

How does sewage treatment work

A

pass it through a mesh,let it sit in a settlement tank to undergo sedimentation,biological breakdown of organisms

104
Q

What is the difference between effluent and sludge

A

sludge undergoes anaerobic and effluent undergoes aerobic

105
Q

How do you make the effluent safe

A

pump oxygen into it

106
Q

How do you make the sludge safe

A

it will produce methane which can be burned as an energy source

107
Q

What does a reversible reaction mean

A

where the recatants can form the products when cooled and vica versa

108
Q

What makes something an endothermic reaction and what would it mean if it was a reversible reaction

A

when it is being heated up to make the reactants a product and to get the product to the reactants it would be exothermic

109
Q

What does equillibrium mean

A

Chemical equilibrium is a state in a reaction where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

110
Q

What term is used to describe a chemical reaction in which the forward and reverse reaction rates are the same?

A

dynamic equilibrium

111
Q

T or F at an equilibrium the concentration of products remains constant over time

A

true

112
Q

The equation for the Haber process is: N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3. What gases will be present at equilibrium?

A

The equation for the Haber process is: N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3. What gases will be present at equilibrium?

113
Q

One of the stages in sulfuric acid production is described by this equation: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g). What will happen to the yield of SO3 if the pressure is increased

A

If the pressure is increased, the SO3 yield will go up as the equilibrium position moves in the direction which forms the fewest molecules of gas.

114
Q

If the forward reaction in a reversible reaction is endothermic, what will be the effect of decreasing the temperature?

A

The effect of decreasing the temperature would be to decrease the amount of products at equilibrium as the equilibrium position moves in the backward direction which is exothermic.

115
Q

What is the effect of decreasing the pressure on the following equilibrium 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)?

A

Less NO2 will be produced

116
Q

What effect on the equilibrium position is produced by adding a catalyst to a system in equilibrium?

A

It has no effect

117
Q

What is the rate of a reaction

A

the speed of which reactants get turned into products

118
Q

What is the equation for the rate of a reaction

A

quantity of products/reactants used/time taken

119
Q

what do we use to measure mass change

A

top pan balance

120
Q

what do we use to measure gas volume

A

inverted measuring cylinder or burette

121
Q

what are 4 things that affect the rate of reaction

A

temp,concentration/pressure,surface area,catalyst

122
Q

what is the collision theory

A

in order for particles to react they have to collide together with sufficient energy

123
Q

what is sufficient energy also referred to as

A

activation energy

124
Q

What does the rate of reaction depend on

A

the amount of energy that the particles have,frequency of the collisions

125
Q

What will happen if we increase the tempreature to particles during a rate of reaction

A

they will gain energy so therefore will havemore successfull collisions which will increase the rate of reaction

126
Q

what does concentration/pressure refer to

A

how many particles per unit of volume

127
Q

what will happen if we increase concentration/pressure during a rate of reaction

A

there will be more particles per unit of volume so collisions will be more frequent

128
Q

what will happen if we increase concentration/pressure during a rate of reaction

A

frequency of collisions will be higher so rate of reaction will increase

129
Q

What are catalysts

A

substances that speed up the reaction without being used in the reaction themselves

130
Q

What does a catalyst do

A

it lowers the activation energy

131
Q

what are the most common sources of a catalyst

A

transistion metals like cobalt and nickel

132
Q

what percentage of earths atmosphere is nitrogen

A

80

133
Q

what % of earths atmosphere is oxygen

A

20

134
Q

what % of earths atmosphere is other gases

A

under 1

135
Q

What was the earth like in it’s first billion years

A

intense volcanic activity which produced lots of carbon dioxide,water vapour,nitrogen most of the atmosphere was carbon dioxide,as the water vapour condensed it turned into oceans and this allowed carbon dioxide to dissolve in it

136
Q

how did carbon dioxide start to decrease

A

green plants and alga started to form and they were photosynthesisig

137
Q

What would happen when algae and green plants died

A

they would fall to the bottom of the seabed over time sedimentary would form over them wich then condensed in sedimentary rocks over time oil,sediments and gas got trapped in this which stopped the carbon from getting back into the atmosphere

138
Q

What are crude oil and natrual gas mainly formed from

A

dead plankton

139
Q

where is coal formed from

A

from sedimentay rocks

140
Q

What is limestone made of

A

calcium carbonate

141
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

protein synthesis

142
Q

what does 1 micrometer equal

A

10 -6m

143
Q

A type of white blood cell called a macrophage measures 5 x 10-5 m. What does it measure in micrometres?

A

50

144
Q

If the actual size of a cell is 100 μm, and 10 cm in a book, what is the magnification of the image in the book?

A

1000

145
Q

t or f the magnification of an image is x1000 the actual size

A

true

146
Q

how have microscopes developed over the years

A

increased resolution,increased magnification

147
Q

If a cell called a megakaryocyte measures 1 x 10-4 m, and a neutrophil measures 1 x 10-5 m, what is the difference in order of magnitude?

A

1 as 5-4=1

148
Q

what is an advantage of the transition electron microscope

A

higher magnifications are possible

149
Q

how do you set up a microscope on a high power

A

Focus on low power with the coarse adjustment, move the high power objective in line with the specimen, refocus on high power with the fine adjustment

150
Q

How are xylem vessels adapted to the transport of substances in the xylem

A

Xylem vessels are adapted to transport by having no end walls, and their side walls are thickened.

151
Q

How is a muscle adapted to its function

A

Muscle is adapted to bringing about movement as it contains protein filaments that slide over each other and cause contraction.

152
Q

T or F mitochondria is present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokarytotic

A

true

Chemistry (15 decks)

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